CaF(2): A novel electrolyte for all solid-state electrochromic devices

The energy consumption in building ventilation, air, and heating conditioning systems, accounts for about 25% of the overall energy consumption in modern society. Therefore, cutting carbon emissions and reducing energy consumption is a growing priority in building construction. Electrochromic devices (ECDs) are considered to be a highly promising energy-saving technology, due to their simple structure, active control, and low energy input characteristics. At present, H(+), OH(-) and Li(+) are the main electrolyte ions used for ECDs. However, H(+) and OH(-) based electrolytes have a high erosive effect on the material surface and have a relatively short lifetime. Li(+)-based electrolytes are limited due to their high cost and safety concerns. In this study, inspired by prior research on Ca(2+) batteries and supercapacitors, CaF(2) films were prepared by electron beam evaporation as a Ca(2+)-based electrolyte layer to construct ECDs. The structure, morphology, and optical properties of CaF(2) films were characterized. ECDs with the structure of ITO (indium tin oxide) glass/WO(3)/CaF(2)/NiO/ITO show short switching times (22.8 s for the coloring process, 2.8 s for the bleaching process). Additionally, optical modulation of the ECDs is about 38.8% at 750 nm. These findings indicate that Ca(2+) based ECDs have the potential to become a competitive and attractive choice for large-scale commercial smart windows.