Conceptualisation, estimation, and empirical analyses of land–sea convergenomics: A case study on Bohai Economic Rim cities

This study proposes a land–sea convergenomics model based on analyses of marine and terrestrial economies. A viscosity-based system of indices was constructed to evaluate the land–sea convergenomics of Bohai Economic Rim (BER) cities and was applied to analyse the viscosities of BER cities from 2009 to 2019. BER cities’ viscosities trended upward, although with significant disparities. The developmental fundamentals were high at the system level and grew steadily during the study period. Resource development was low with a slow growth rate. Industrial linkages grew significantly but exhibited minor fluctuations. Outcome creation began at a low level but grew steadily. Cluster analyses revealed that, overall, the development of land–sea convergenomics in the BER occurred in clusters, with viscosity distribution centred around three core cities: Tianjin, Qingdao, and Dalian. Due to regional disparities, the effects of labour productivity, science and technology investment, economic fundamentals, and energy efficiency on land–sea convergenomics were significantly differentiated.