Role of Cytokines, Chemokines and IFN-γ(+) IL-17(+) Double-Positive CD4(+) T Cells in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis is mediated by self-reactive myelin T and B cells that lead to axonal and myelin damage. The immune response in multiple sclerosis involves the participation of CD4(+) T cells that produce cytokines and chemokines. This participation is important to find markers for the diagnosis and progression of the disease. In our work, we evaluated the profile of cytokines and chemokines, as well as the production of double positive CD4(+) T cells for the production of IFNγ IL-17 in patients with multiple sclerosis, at different stages of the disease and undergoing different treatments. We found that relapsing–remitting patients had a significant increase in IL-12 production. About IL-5, its production showed significantly higher levels in secondarily progressive patients when compared to relapsing–remitting patients. IFN-γ production by PBMCs from secondarily progressive patients showed significantly higher levels. This group also had a higher percentage of CD4(+) IFNγ(+) IL-17(+) T cells. The combination of changes in certain cytokines and chemokines together with the presence of IFNγ(+) IL-17(+) double positive lymphocytes can be used to better understand the clinical forms of the disease and its progression.