Analyses of pp, Cu–Cu, Au–Au and Pb–Pb Collisions by Tsallis-Pareto Type Function at RHIC and LHC Energies

The parameters revealing the collective behavior of hadronic matter extracted from the transverse momentum spectra of [Formula: see text] , [Formula: see text] , [Formula: see text] , [Formula: see text] , p, [Formula: see text] , [Formula: see text] , [Formula: see text] , [Formula: see text] , [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text] , [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text] produced in the most central and most peripheral gold–gold ([Formula: see text] – [Formula: see text]), copper–copper ([Formula: see text] – [Formula: see text]) and lead–lead ([Formula: see text] – [Formula: see text]) collisions at 62.4 GeV, 200 GeV and 2760 GeV, respectively, are reported. In addition to studying the nucleus–nucleus ([Formula: see text]) collisions, we analyzed the particles mentioned above produced in [Formula: see text] collisions at the same center of mass energies (62.4 GeV, 200 GeV and 2760 GeV) to compare with the most peripheral [Formula: see text] collisions. We used the Tsallis–Pareto type function to extract the effective temperature from the transverse momentum spectra of the particles. The effective temperature is slightly larger in a central collision than in a peripheral collision and is mass-dependent. The mean transverse momentum and the multiplicity parameter ([Formula: see text]) are extracted and have the same result as the effective temperature. All three extracted parameters in [Formula: see text] collisions are closer to the peripheral [Formula: see text] collisions at the same center of mass energy, revealing that the extracted parameters have the same thermodynamic nature. Furthermore, we report that the mean transverse momentum in the [Formula: see text] – [Formula: see text] collision is larger than that of the [Formula: see text] – [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] – [Formula: see text] collisions. At the same time, the latter two are nearly equal, which shows their comparatively strong dependence on energy and weak dependence on the size of the system. The multiplicity parameter, [Formula: see text] in central [Formula: see text] , depends on the interacting system’s size and is larger for the bigger system.