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Effective Method for a Graphene Oxide with Impressive Selectivity in Carboxyl Groups
The development of new applications of graphene oxide in the biomedical field requires the covalent bonding of bioactive molecules to a sheet skeleton. Obtaining a large carboxyl group population over the surface is one of the main targets, as carboxyl group concentration in conventional graphene ox...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9500783/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36144900 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12183112 |
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author | Rodríguez-Pastor, Iluminada López-Pérez, Adelia Romero-Sánchez, María D. Pérez, Juana M. Fernández, Ignacio Martin-Gullon, Ignacio |
author_facet | Rodríguez-Pastor, Iluminada López-Pérez, Adelia Romero-Sánchez, María D. Pérez, Juana M. Fernández, Ignacio Martin-Gullon, Ignacio |
author_sort | Rodríguez-Pastor, Iluminada |
collection | PubMed |
description | The development of new applications of graphene oxide in the biomedical field requires the covalent bonding of bioactive molecules to a sheet skeleton. Obtaining a large carboxyl group population over the surface is one of the main targets, as carboxyl group concentration in conventional graphene oxide is low among a majority of non-useful sp3-C-based functionalities. In the present work, we propose a selective method that yields an impressive increase in carboxyl group population using single-layer, thermally reduced graphene oxide as a precursor in a conventional Hummers–Offemann reaction. When starting with a reduced graphene oxide with no interlayer registry, sulfuric acid cannot form a graphite intercalated compound. Then, potassium permanganate attacks in in-plane (vacancies or holes) structural defects, which are numerous over a thermally reduced graphene oxide, as well as in edges, yielding majorly carboxyl groups without sheet cutting and unzipping, as no carbon dot formation was observed. A single-layer precursor with no ordered stacking prevents the formation of an intercalated compound, and it is this mechanism of the potassium permanganate that results in carboxyl group formation and the hydrophilic character of the compound. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9500783 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-95007832022-09-24 Effective Method for a Graphene Oxide with Impressive Selectivity in Carboxyl Groups Rodríguez-Pastor, Iluminada López-Pérez, Adelia Romero-Sánchez, María D. Pérez, Juana M. Fernández, Ignacio Martin-Gullon, Ignacio Nanomaterials (Basel) Article The development of new applications of graphene oxide in the biomedical field requires the covalent bonding of bioactive molecules to a sheet skeleton. Obtaining a large carboxyl group population over the surface is one of the main targets, as carboxyl group concentration in conventional graphene oxide is low among a majority of non-useful sp3-C-based functionalities. In the present work, we propose a selective method that yields an impressive increase in carboxyl group population using single-layer, thermally reduced graphene oxide as a precursor in a conventional Hummers–Offemann reaction. When starting with a reduced graphene oxide with no interlayer registry, sulfuric acid cannot form a graphite intercalated compound. Then, potassium permanganate attacks in in-plane (vacancies or holes) structural defects, which are numerous over a thermally reduced graphene oxide, as well as in edges, yielding majorly carboxyl groups without sheet cutting and unzipping, as no carbon dot formation was observed. A single-layer precursor with no ordered stacking prevents the formation of an intercalated compound, and it is this mechanism of the potassium permanganate that results in carboxyl group formation and the hydrophilic character of the compound. MDPI 2022-09-08 /pmc/articles/PMC9500783/ /pubmed/36144900 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12183112 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Rodríguez-Pastor, Iluminada López-Pérez, Adelia Romero-Sánchez, María D. Pérez, Juana M. Fernández, Ignacio Martin-Gullon, Ignacio Effective Method for a Graphene Oxide with Impressive Selectivity in Carboxyl Groups |
title | Effective Method for a Graphene Oxide with Impressive Selectivity in Carboxyl Groups |
title_full | Effective Method for a Graphene Oxide with Impressive Selectivity in Carboxyl Groups |
title_fullStr | Effective Method for a Graphene Oxide with Impressive Selectivity in Carboxyl Groups |
title_full_unstemmed | Effective Method for a Graphene Oxide with Impressive Selectivity in Carboxyl Groups |
title_short | Effective Method for a Graphene Oxide with Impressive Selectivity in Carboxyl Groups |
title_sort | effective method for a graphene oxide with impressive selectivity in carboxyl groups |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9500783/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36144900 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12183112 |
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