Moderate COVID-19: Clinical Trajectories and Predictors of Progression and Outcomes

Background: Patients with COVID-19 commonly present at healthcare facilities with moderate disease, i.e., pneumonia without a need for oxygen therapy. Aim: To identify clinical/laboratory characteristics of patients with moderate COVID-19, which could predict disease progression. Methods: 384 adult patients presented with moderate COVID-19 and admitted to two hospitals were retrospectively evaluated. In a multivariate analysis gender, age, BMI, Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) and National Early Weaning Score 2 were treated as co-variates. The development of hypoxemic respiratory failure, intubation rate and risk of death were considered as dependent variables. Estimated values are presented as odds-ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: Most of the patients were male (63.28%) with a mean (standard deviation) age of 59 (16.04) years. Median (interquartile range) CCI was 2 (1–4). A total of 58.85% of the patients developed respiratory failure; 6.51% were intubated, and 8.85% died. The extent of pneumonia in chest X-ray (involvement of all four quartiles) [OR 3.96 (1.18–13.27), p = 0.026], respiratory rate [OR 1.17 (1.05–1.3), p = 0.004], SatO(2) [OR 0.72 (0.58–0.88), p = 0.002], systolic blood pressure [OR 1.02 (1–1.04), p = 0.041] and lymphocyte count [OR 0.9993 (0.9986–0.9999), p = 0.026] at presentation were associated with the development of respiratory failure. The extent of pneumonia [OR 26.49 (1.81–387.18), p = 0.017] was associated with intubation risk. Age [OR 1.14 (1.03–1.26), p = 0.014] and the extent of pneumonia [OR 22.47 (1.59–316.97), p = 0.021] were associated with increased risk of death. Conclusion: Older age, the extent of pneumonia, tachypnea, lower SatO(2), higher systolic blood pressure and lymphopenia are associated with dismal outcomes in patients presenting with moderate COVID-19.