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Quantification of a Sulfated Marine-Inspired Antifouling Compound in Several Aqueous Matrices: Biodegradation Studies and Leaching Assays from Polydimethylsiloxane Coatings
The development of marine-inspired compounds as non-toxic antifouling (AF) agents has been pursued in the last years. Sulfur is the third most common element in seawater. Sulfur is present in oxygenated seawater as sulfate anion (SO(4)(2−)), which is the most stable combination of sulfur in seawater...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9506548/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36135737 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md20090548 |
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author | Vilas-Boas, Cátia Gonçalves, Virgínia Marco, Paolo De Sousa, Emília Pinto, Madalena Silva, Elisabete R. Tiritan, Maria Elizabeth Correia-da-Silva, Marta |
author_facet | Vilas-Boas, Cátia Gonçalves, Virgínia Marco, Paolo De Sousa, Emília Pinto, Madalena Silva, Elisabete R. Tiritan, Maria Elizabeth Correia-da-Silva, Marta |
author_sort | Vilas-Boas, Cátia |
collection | PubMed |
description | The development of marine-inspired compounds as non-toxic antifouling (AF) agents has been pursued in the last years. Sulfur is the third most common element in seawater. Sulfur is present in oxygenated seawater as sulfate anion (SO(4)(2−)), which is the most stable combination of sulfur in seawater, and several promising AF secondary metabolites with sulfate groups have been described. However, sulfated compounds proved to be an analytical challenge to quantify by HPLC. Taking these facts into consideration, this work presents the development and validation of a method for the quantification of gallic acid persulfate (GAP) in seawater and ultrapure water matrix, based on hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC). This method was used to evaluate GAP stability following several abiotic and biotic degradation assays, and to quantify its release in seawater from room-temperature-vulcanizing polydimethylsiloxane commercial coating. GAP was very stable in several water matrices, even at different pH values and in the presence/absence of marine microorganisms and presented a leaching value lower than 0.5%. This work discloses HILIC as an analytical method to overcome the difficulties in quantifying sulfated compounds in water matrices and highlights the potential of GAP as a promising long-lasting coating. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9506548 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-95065482022-09-24 Quantification of a Sulfated Marine-Inspired Antifouling Compound in Several Aqueous Matrices: Biodegradation Studies and Leaching Assays from Polydimethylsiloxane Coatings Vilas-Boas, Cátia Gonçalves, Virgínia Marco, Paolo De Sousa, Emília Pinto, Madalena Silva, Elisabete R. Tiritan, Maria Elizabeth Correia-da-Silva, Marta Mar Drugs Article The development of marine-inspired compounds as non-toxic antifouling (AF) agents has been pursued in the last years. Sulfur is the third most common element in seawater. Sulfur is present in oxygenated seawater as sulfate anion (SO(4)(2−)), which is the most stable combination of sulfur in seawater, and several promising AF secondary metabolites with sulfate groups have been described. However, sulfated compounds proved to be an analytical challenge to quantify by HPLC. Taking these facts into consideration, this work presents the development and validation of a method for the quantification of gallic acid persulfate (GAP) in seawater and ultrapure water matrix, based on hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC). This method was used to evaluate GAP stability following several abiotic and biotic degradation assays, and to quantify its release in seawater from room-temperature-vulcanizing polydimethylsiloxane commercial coating. GAP was very stable in several water matrices, even at different pH values and in the presence/absence of marine microorganisms and presented a leaching value lower than 0.5%. This work discloses HILIC as an analytical method to overcome the difficulties in quantifying sulfated compounds in water matrices and highlights the potential of GAP as a promising long-lasting coating. MDPI 2022-08-25 /pmc/articles/PMC9506548/ /pubmed/36135737 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md20090548 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Vilas-Boas, Cátia Gonçalves, Virgínia Marco, Paolo De Sousa, Emília Pinto, Madalena Silva, Elisabete R. Tiritan, Maria Elizabeth Correia-da-Silva, Marta Quantification of a Sulfated Marine-Inspired Antifouling Compound in Several Aqueous Matrices: Biodegradation Studies and Leaching Assays from Polydimethylsiloxane Coatings |
title | Quantification of a Sulfated Marine-Inspired Antifouling Compound in Several Aqueous Matrices: Biodegradation Studies and Leaching Assays from Polydimethylsiloxane Coatings |
title_full | Quantification of a Sulfated Marine-Inspired Antifouling Compound in Several Aqueous Matrices: Biodegradation Studies and Leaching Assays from Polydimethylsiloxane Coatings |
title_fullStr | Quantification of a Sulfated Marine-Inspired Antifouling Compound in Several Aqueous Matrices: Biodegradation Studies and Leaching Assays from Polydimethylsiloxane Coatings |
title_full_unstemmed | Quantification of a Sulfated Marine-Inspired Antifouling Compound in Several Aqueous Matrices: Biodegradation Studies and Leaching Assays from Polydimethylsiloxane Coatings |
title_short | Quantification of a Sulfated Marine-Inspired Antifouling Compound in Several Aqueous Matrices: Biodegradation Studies and Leaching Assays from Polydimethylsiloxane Coatings |
title_sort | quantification of a sulfated marine-inspired antifouling compound in several aqueous matrices: biodegradation studies and leaching assays from polydimethylsiloxane coatings |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9506548/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36135737 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md20090548 |
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