Role of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Reducing Clostridioides difficile Infection-Associated Morbidity and Mortality: A Systematic Review

Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) is a gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium that produces toxins A and B, disrupting the intestinal brush border and resulting in severe diarrhea. The most common causes of infection include prolonged antibiotic use, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), and long-term hospitalization resulting in complications such as pseudomembranous colitis and toxic megacolon. This systematic review aims to consider fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) as an early treatment modality in C. difficile infection to prevent complications and reduce related morbidity and mortality. We systematically screened three databases using regular keywords such as “fecal microbiota transplantation,” “C. difficile,” “pseudomembranous colitis,” and “toxic megacolon” and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms. We applied the inclusion and exclusion criteria and performed a thorough quality appraisal using standardized checklists. We were finally left with 10 articles, including seven case reports, one case series, and two observational studies. Questions remain as to the route of administration of FMT, timing, safety, availability, and the number of sittings required. More randomized controlled trials are needed to address all these questions and to assess the safety of FMT. We believe the role of FMT is very important as it can prevent C. difficile related complications and would be an ideal treatment option in a population group that is often unfit for surgical management.