SARS-CoV-2-specicific humoral immunity in convalescent patients with mild COVID-19 is supported by CD4(+) T-cell help and negatively correlated with Alphacoronavirus-specific antibody titer

This study aimed at investigating the nature of SARS-CoV-2-specific immunity in patients with mild COVID-19 and sought to identify parameters most relevant for the generation of neutralizing antibody responses in convalescent COVID-19 patients. In the majority of the examined patients a cellular as well as humoral immune response directed to SARS-CoV-2 was detected. The finding of an anti-SARS-CoV-2-reactive cellular immune response in healthy individuals suggests a pre-existing immunity to various common cold HCoVs which share close homology with SARS-CoV-2. The humoral immunity to the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 detected in convalescent COVID-19 patients correlates with the presence of SARS-CoV-2-reactive CD4(+) T cells expressing T(h)1 cytokines. Remarkably, an inverse correlation of SARS-CoV-2 S protein-specific IgGs with HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-229E S1 protein-specific IgGs suggests that pre-existing immunity to Alphacoronaviruses might have had an inhibitory imprint on the immune response to SARS-CoV-2-infection in the examined patients with mild COVID-19.