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Pathophysiology and genetics of salt-sensitive hypertension

Most hypertensive cases are primary and heavily associated with modifiable risk factors like salt intake. Evidence suggests that even small reductions in salt consumption reduce blood pressure in all age groups. In that regard, the ACC/AHA described a distinct set of individuals who exhibit salt-sen...

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Autores principales: Maaliki, Dina, Itani, Maha M., Itani, Hana A.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9513236/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36176775
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.1001434
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author Maaliki, Dina
Itani, Maha M.
Itani, Hana A.
author_facet Maaliki, Dina
Itani, Maha M.
Itani, Hana A.
author_sort Maaliki, Dina
collection PubMed
description Most hypertensive cases are primary and heavily associated with modifiable risk factors like salt intake. Evidence suggests that even small reductions in salt consumption reduce blood pressure in all age groups. In that regard, the ACC/AHA described a distinct set of individuals who exhibit salt-sensitivity, regardless of their hypertensive status. Data has shown that salt-sensitivity is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular events and mortality. However, despite extensive research, the pathogenesis of salt-sensitive hypertension is still unclear and tremendously challenged by its multifactorial etiology, complicated genetic influences, and the unavailability of a diagnostic tool. So far, the important roles of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, sympathetic nervous system, and immune system in the pathogenesis of salt-sensitive hypertension have been studied. In the first part of this review, we focus on how the systems mentioned above are aberrantly regulated in salt-sensitive hypertension. We follow this with an emphasis on genetic variants in those systems that are associated with and/or increase predisposition to salt-sensitivity in humans.
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spelling pubmed-95132362022-09-28 Pathophysiology and genetics of salt-sensitive hypertension Maaliki, Dina Itani, Maha M. Itani, Hana A. Front Physiol Physiology Most hypertensive cases are primary and heavily associated with modifiable risk factors like salt intake. Evidence suggests that even small reductions in salt consumption reduce blood pressure in all age groups. In that regard, the ACC/AHA described a distinct set of individuals who exhibit salt-sensitivity, regardless of their hypertensive status. Data has shown that salt-sensitivity is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular events and mortality. However, despite extensive research, the pathogenesis of salt-sensitive hypertension is still unclear and tremendously challenged by its multifactorial etiology, complicated genetic influences, and the unavailability of a diagnostic tool. So far, the important roles of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, sympathetic nervous system, and immune system in the pathogenesis of salt-sensitive hypertension have been studied. In the first part of this review, we focus on how the systems mentioned above are aberrantly regulated in salt-sensitive hypertension. We follow this with an emphasis on genetic variants in those systems that are associated with and/or increase predisposition to salt-sensitivity in humans. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-09-13 /pmc/articles/PMC9513236/ /pubmed/36176775 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.1001434 Text en Copyright © 2022 Maaliki, Itani and Itani. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Physiology
Maaliki, Dina
Itani, Maha M.
Itani, Hana A.
Pathophysiology and genetics of salt-sensitive hypertension
title Pathophysiology and genetics of salt-sensitive hypertension
title_full Pathophysiology and genetics of salt-sensitive hypertension
title_fullStr Pathophysiology and genetics of salt-sensitive hypertension
title_full_unstemmed Pathophysiology and genetics of salt-sensitive hypertension
title_short Pathophysiology and genetics of salt-sensitive hypertension
title_sort pathophysiology and genetics of salt-sensitive hypertension
topic Physiology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9513236/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36176775
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.1001434
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