Orthotopic ureterocele with concurrent ureteral urothelial carcinoma in a dog

A ureterocele is a rare congenital anomaly with cystic dilation of the terminal segment of the ureter entirely within the bladder (orthotopic) or associated with ectopic ureter (ectopic). Its aetiology has not been fully clarified; however, it may involve genetic or acquired factors. Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is the most common type of canine urinary tract neoplasm, among which over 90% of cases are invasive. The non‐papillary (flat) non‐infiltrating form accounts for a very small percentage of canine UCs and is considered carcinoma in situ (CIS). The neoplastic cells of CIS remain within the ureteral mucosa and do not breach the basement membrane. UCs originating from the canine ureter are extremely rare, and no report of a ureteral UC concurrently occurring with a ureterocele has been reported. A 7‐year‐old castrated male Maltese dog weighing 3.5 kg was referred with a 2‐week history of lethargy, anorexia, pollakiuria and intermittent panting. The dog underwent open surgery for removal of bladder calculi 2 years prior, and at the time of the surgery, no other urinary system abnormalities were identified. Ultrasonographic and computed tomographic scans revealed a severely enlarged right kidney and ureter with a ureterocele on the ipsilateral side. A diagnosis of an orthotopic ureterocele causing hydronephrosis and hydroureter was established. Complete nephroureterectomy and ureterocelectomy using the marsupialisation technique were performed. The postoperative histological examination of the excised tissues showed a multifocal carcinoma in situ (non‐papillary non‐infiltrating UC) in the proximal ureter and a fluid‐filled kidney with a thin rim of fibrotic renal tissue. No neoplastic changes were observed in the ureterocele tissue. Postoperatively, the dog recovered rapidly without complications except temporary urinary incontinence, and no evidence of tumour recurrence was detected by ultrasonography performed 6 months after surgery. This case report describes the first case of a dog with an orthotopic ureterocele and ureteral UC, which occurred concurrently at the ipsilateral side of the ureter. The condition was successfully managed with a nephroureterectomy and partial ureterocelectomy.