Underwater instant adhesion mechanism of self-assembled amphiphilic hemostatic granular hydrogel from Andrias davidianus skin secretion

The widespread use of biological tissue adhesives for tissue repair is limited by their weak adhesion in a wet environment. Herein, we report the wet adhesion mechanism of a dry granular natural bioadhesive from Andrias davidianus skin secretion (ADS). Once contacting water, ADS granules self-assemble to form a hydrophobic hydrogel strongly bonding to wet substrates in seconds. ADS showed higher shear adhesion than current commercial tissue adhesives and an impressive 72-h underwater adhesion strength of ∼47kPa on porcine skin tissue. The assembled hydrogel in water maintained a dissipation energy of ∼8 kJ/m(3), comparable to the work density of muscle, exhibiting its robustness. Unlike catechol adhesion mechanism, ADS wet adhesion mechanism is attributed to water absorption by granules, and the unique equilibrium of protein hydrophobicity, hydrogen bonding, and ionic complexation. The in vivo adhesion study demonstrated its excellent wet adhesion and hemostasis performance in a rat hepatic and cardiac hemorrhage model.