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Effects of Polystyrene Microplastics on Human Kidney and Liver Cell Morphology, Cellular Proliferation, and Metabolism
[Image: see text] Microplastics have gained much attention due to their prevalence and abundance in our everyday lives. They have been detected in household items such as sugar, salt, honey, seafood, tap water, water bottles, and food items wrapped in plastic. Once ingested, these tiny particles can...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
American Chemical Society
2022
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9520709/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36188270 http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2c03453 |
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author | Goodman, Kerestin E. Hua, Timothy Sang, Qing-Xiang Amy |
author_facet | Goodman, Kerestin E. Hua, Timothy Sang, Qing-Xiang Amy |
author_sort | Goodman, Kerestin E. |
collection | PubMed |
description | [Image: see text] Microplastics have gained much attention due to their prevalence and abundance in our everyday lives. They have been detected in household items such as sugar, salt, honey, seafood, tap water, water bottles, and food items wrapped in plastic. Once ingested, these tiny particles can travel to internal organs such as the kidney and liver and cause adverse effects on the cellular level. Here, human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) cells and human hepatocellular (Hep G2) liver cells were used to examine the potential toxicological effects of 1 μm polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs). Exposing cells to PS-MPs caused a major reduction in cellular proliferation but no significant decrease in cell viability as determined by the trypan blue assay in both cell lines. Cell viability remained at least 94% for both cell lines even at the highest concentration of 100 μg/mL of PS-MPs. Phase-contrast imaging of both kidney and liver cells exposed to PS-MPs at 72 h showed significant morphological changes and uptake of PS-MP particles. Confocal fluorescent microscopy confirmed the uptake of 1 μm PS-MPs at 72 h for both cell lines. Additionally, flow cytometry experiments verified that more than 70% of cells internalized 1 μm PS-MPs after 48 h of exposure for both kidney and liver cells. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) studies revealed kidney and liver cells exposed to PS-MPs had increased levels of ROS at each concentration and for every time point tested. Furthermore, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis at 24 and 72 h revealed that both HEK 293 and Hep G2 cells exposed to PS-MPs lowered the gene expression levels of the glycolytic enzyme, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) and catalase (CAT), thus reducing the potential of SOD2 and CAT to detoxify ROS. These adverse effects of PS-MPs on human kidney and liver cells suggest that ingesting microplastics may lead to toxicological problems on cell metabolism and cell–cell interactions. Because exposing human kidney and liver cells to microplastics results in morphological, metabolic, proliferative changes and cellular stress, these results indicate the potential undesirable effects of microplastics on human health. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9520709 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | American Chemical Society |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-95207092022-09-30 Effects of Polystyrene Microplastics on Human Kidney and Liver Cell Morphology, Cellular Proliferation, and Metabolism Goodman, Kerestin E. Hua, Timothy Sang, Qing-Xiang Amy ACS Omega [Image: see text] Microplastics have gained much attention due to their prevalence and abundance in our everyday lives. They have been detected in household items such as sugar, salt, honey, seafood, tap water, water bottles, and food items wrapped in plastic. Once ingested, these tiny particles can travel to internal organs such as the kidney and liver and cause adverse effects on the cellular level. Here, human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) cells and human hepatocellular (Hep G2) liver cells were used to examine the potential toxicological effects of 1 μm polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs). Exposing cells to PS-MPs caused a major reduction in cellular proliferation but no significant decrease in cell viability as determined by the trypan blue assay in both cell lines. Cell viability remained at least 94% for both cell lines even at the highest concentration of 100 μg/mL of PS-MPs. Phase-contrast imaging of both kidney and liver cells exposed to PS-MPs at 72 h showed significant morphological changes and uptake of PS-MP particles. Confocal fluorescent microscopy confirmed the uptake of 1 μm PS-MPs at 72 h for both cell lines. Additionally, flow cytometry experiments verified that more than 70% of cells internalized 1 μm PS-MPs after 48 h of exposure for both kidney and liver cells. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) studies revealed kidney and liver cells exposed to PS-MPs had increased levels of ROS at each concentration and for every time point tested. Furthermore, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis at 24 and 72 h revealed that both HEK 293 and Hep G2 cells exposed to PS-MPs lowered the gene expression levels of the glycolytic enzyme, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) and catalase (CAT), thus reducing the potential of SOD2 and CAT to detoxify ROS. These adverse effects of PS-MPs on human kidney and liver cells suggest that ingesting microplastics may lead to toxicological problems on cell metabolism and cell–cell interactions. Because exposing human kidney and liver cells to microplastics results in morphological, metabolic, proliferative changes and cellular stress, these results indicate the potential undesirable effects of microplastics on human health. American Chemical Society 2022-09-19 /pmc/articles/PMC9520709/ /pubmed/36188270 http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2c03453 Text en © 2022 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/Permits non-commercial access and re-use, provided that author attribution and integrity are maintained; but does not permit creation of adaptations or other derivative works (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Goodman, Kerestin E. Hua, Timothy Sang, Qing-Xiang Amy Effects of Polystyrene Microplastics on Human Kidney and Liver Cell Morphology, Cellular Proliferation, and Metabolism |
title | Effects of Polystyrene
Microplastics on Human Kidney
and Liver Cell Morphology, Cellular Proliferation, and Metabolism |
title_full | Effects of Polystyrene
Microplastics on Human Kidney
and Liver Cell Morphology, Cellular Proliferation, and Metabolism |
title_fullStr | Effects of Polystyrene
Microplastics on Human Kidney
and Liver Cell Morphology, Cellular Proliferation, and Metabolism |
title_full_unstemmed | Effects of Polystyrene
Microplastics on Human Kidney
and Liver Cell Morphology, Cellular Proliferation, and Metabolism |
title_short | Effects of Polystyrene
Microplastics on Human Kidney
and Liver Cell Morphology, Cellular Proliferation, and Metabolism |
title_sort | effects of polystyrene
microplastics on human kidney
and liver cell morphology, cellular proliferation, and metabolism |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9520709/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36188270 http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2c03453 |
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