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Enhanced Antioxidant Effects of Naringenin Nanoparticles Synthesized using the High-Energy Ball Milling Method

[Image: see text] Naringenin, one of the flavonoid components, is majorly found in and obtained from grapefruits and oranges. Naringenin also acts as a potent antioxidant, which possesses hypolipidemic as well as anti-inflammatory potential. Naringenin reduces the expressions of several inflammatory...

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Autores principales: Ahmad, Anas, Prakash, Ravi, Khan, Mohd Shahnawaz, Altwaijry, Nojood, Asghar, Muhammad Nadeem, Raza, Syed Shadab, Khan, Rehan
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: American Chemical Society 2022
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9521026/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36188293
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2c04148
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author Ahmad, Anas
Prakash, Ravi
Khan, Mohd Shahnawaz
Altwaijry, Nojood
Asghar, Muhammad Nadeem
Raza, Syed Shadab
Khan, Rehan
author_facet Ahmad, Anas
Prakash, Ravi
Khan, Mohd Shahnawaz
Altwaijry, Nojood
Asghar, Muhammad Nadeem
Raza, Syed Shadab
Khan, Rehan
author_sort Ahmad, Anas
collection PubMed
description [Image: see text] Naringenin, one of the flavonoid components, is majorly found in and obtained from grapefruits and oranges. Naringenin also acts as a potent antioxidant, which possesses hypolipidemic as well as anti-inflammatory potential. Naringenin reduces the expressions of several inflammatory mediators, viz., NF-κB, cycloxygenase-2, and other cytokine mediators. In spite of having various biological effects, the clinical application of naringenin is restricted due to its very poor aqueous solubility. In the present study, the high-energy ball milling method was employed for the preparation of naringenin nanoparticles without using any chemical with an aim to enhance the anti-oxidant potential of naringenin. The milled naringenin nanoparticles were characterized for their physicochemical properties using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction. Additionally, the effects of milling time and temperature were further assessed on the solubility of crude and milled naringenin samples. The antioxidant potential of milled naringenin was evaluated with various assays such as DHE, DCFDA, and cleaved caspase-3 using SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. The nanoparticle size of naringenin after milling was confirmed using SEM analysis. Crystalline peaks for milled and crude samples of naringenin also established that both the naringenin forms were in the crystalline form. The solubility of naringenin was enhanced depending on the milling time and temperature. Moreover, crude and milled naringenin were found to be cytocompatible up to doses of 120 μM each for the duration of 24 and 48 h. It was also observed that milled naringenin at the doses of 1, 2, and 5 μM significantly reduced the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by H(2)O(2) and exhibited superior ROS scavenging effects as compared to those of crude or un-milled forms of naringenin. Furthermore, milled naringenin at the doses of 1 and 2 μM inhibited H(2)O(2)-induced cell death, as shown by immunofluorescence staining of cleaved caspase-3 and Annexin-V PI flow cytometry analysis. Conclusively, it could be suggested that the size reduction of naringenin using high-energy ball milling techniques substantially enhanced the antioxidant potential as compared to naïve or crude naringenin, which may be attributed to its enhanced solubility due to reduced size.
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spelling pubmed-95210262022-09-30 Enhanced Antioxidant Effects of Naringenin Nanoparticles Synthesized using the High-Energy Ball Milling Method Ahmad, Anas Prakash, Ravi Khan, Mohd Shahnawaz Altwaijry, Nojood Asghar, Muhammad Nadeem Raza, Syed Shadab Khan, Rehan ACS Omega [Image: see text] Naringenin, one of the flavonoid components, is majorly found in and obtained from grapefruits and oranges. Naringenin also acts as a potent antioxidant, which possesses hypolipidemic as well as anti-inflammatory potential. Naringenin reduces the expressions of several inflammatory mediators, viz., NF-κB, cycloxygenase-2, and other cytokine mediators. In spite of having various biological effects, the clinical application of naringenin is restricted due to its very poor aqueous solubility. In the present study, the high-energy ball milling method was employed for the preparation of naringenin nanoparticles without using any chemical with an aim to enhance the anti-oxidant potential of naringenin. The milled naringenin nanoparticles were characterized for their physicochemical properties using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction. Additionally, the effects of milling time and temperature were further assessed on the solubility of crude and milled naringenin samples. The antioxidant potential of milled naringenin was evaluated with various assays such as DHE, DCFDA, and cleaved caspase-3 using SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. The nanoparticle size of naringenin after milling was confirmed using SEM analysis. Crystalline peaks for milled and crude samples of naringenin also established that both the naringenin forms were in the crystalline form. The solubility of naringenin was enhanced depending on the milling time and temperature. Moreover, crude and milled naringenin were found to be cytocompatible up to doses of 120 μM each for the duration of 24 and 48 h. It was also observed that milled naringenin at the doses of 1, 2, and 5 μM significantly reduced the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by H(2)O(2) and exhibited superior ROS scavenging effects as compared to those of crude or un-milled forms of naringenin. Furthermore, milled naringenin at the doses of 1 and 2 μM inhibited H(2)O(2)-induced cell death, as shown by immunofluorescence staining of cleaved caspase-3 and Annexin-V PI flow cytometry analysis. Conclusively, it could be suggested that the size reduction of naringenin using high-energy ball milling techniques substantially enhanced the antioxidant potential as compared to naïve or crude naringenin, which may be attributed to its enhanced solubility due to reduced size. American Chemical Society 2022-09-19 /pmc/articles/PMC9521026/ /pubmed/36188293 http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2c04148 Text en © 2022 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/Permits non-commercial access and re-use, provided that author attribution and integrity are maintained; but does not permit creation of adaptations or other derivative works (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
spellingShingle Ahmad, Anas
Prakash, Ravi
Khan, Mohd Shahnawaz
Altwaijry, Nojood
Asghar, Muhammad Nadeem
Raza, Syed Shadab
Khan, Rehan
Enhanced Antioxidant Effects of Naringenin Nanoparticles Synthesized using the High-Energy Ball Milling Method
title Enhanced Antioxidant Effects of Naringenin Nanoparticles Synthesized using the High-Energy Ball Milling Method
title_full Enhanced Antioxidant Effects of Naringenin Nanoparticles Synthesized using the High-Energy Ball Milling Method
title_fullStr Enhanced Antioxidant Effects of Naringenin Nanoparticles Synthesized using the High-Energy Ball Milling Method
title_full_unstemmed Enhanced Antioxidant Effects of Naringenin Nanoparticles Synthesized using the High-Energy Ball Milling Method
title_short Enhanced Antioxidant Effects of Naringenin Nanoparticles Synthesized using the High-Energy Ball Milling Method
title_sort enhanced antioxidant effects of naringenin nanoparticles synthesized using the high-energy ball milling method
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9521026/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36188293
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2c04148
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