Reduction of blood C-reactive protein concentration complements the resolution of sputum bacillary load in patients on anti-tuberculosis therapy

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) is a difficult-to-treat disease requiring the combination of four antibiotics for a minimum of 6 months. Rapid and quantitative biomarkers to monitor treatment response are urgently needed for individual patient management and clinical trials. C-reactive protein (CRP) is often used clinically as a rapid marker of inflammation caused by infection. We assessed the relationship of TB bacillary load and CRP as biomarkers of treatment response. METHODS: Xpert MTB/RIF-confirmed pulmonary TB cases were enrolled for treatment response assessment in Mozambique. Treatment response was measured using the Tuberculosis Molecular Bacterial Load Assay (TB-MBLA) in comparison with standard-of-care Mycobacterium Growth Indicator Tube (MGIT) culture at baseline and at weeks 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 17, and 26 of treatment. Blood CRP concentration was measured at baseline, week 8, and week 26. Treatment response was defined as increase in MGIT culture time to positivity (TTP), and reduction in TB-MBLA-measured bacillary load and blood CRP concentration. RESULTS: Out of the 81 screened presumptive TB cases, 69 were enrolled for 6-month treatment follow-up resulting in 94% treatment completion rate. Four participants did not complete TB treatment and 22 participants had missing CRP or TB-MBLA results and were excluded from TB-MBLA-CRP analysis. The remaining 43 participants—median age, 31 years old [interquartile range (IQR): 18–56]; 70% (30/43) male; and 70% (30/43) infected with HIV—were considered for analysis. Culture TTP and bacillary load were inversely correlated, Spearman’s r = −0.67, p < 0.0001. Resolution of sputum bacillary load concurred with reduction of blood CRP, r = 0.70, p < 0.0001. At baseline, bacillary load had a median (IQR) of 6.4 (5.5–7.2), which reduced to 2.4 (0.0–2.9) and 0.0 (0.0–0.0) log(10) CFU/ml at months 2 and 6 of treatment, respectively. Correspondingly, blood CRP reduced from 1.9 (1.6–2.1) at baseline to 1.3 (0.9–1.7) and 0.4 (0.1–0.8) log(10) mg/dl at months 2 and 6 of treatment, respectively. CRP reduction trialed bacteriological resolution at a rate of −0.06 log(10) mg/dl compared to a bacillary load of 0.23 log(10) CFU/ml per week. Consequently, 14 (33%) and 37 (88%) patients had reduced CRP to normal concentration and bacillary load to zero by the end of treatment, respectively. Pre-treatment CRP concentration and bacillary load, and resolution during treatment were slightly lower in HIV co-infected patients but not significantly different from HIV-uninfected TB patients. CONCLUSION: TB-MBLA-measured bacillary load and blood CRP complement each other in response to anti-TB therapy. Slow CRP reduction probably reflects residual TB bacilli in the lung not expectorated in sputum. Combining both measures can improve the accuracy of these biomarkers for monitoring TB treatment response and shorten turnaround time since the results of both assays could be available in 24 h.