Physiological, biochemical and phytohormone responses of Elymus nutans to α-pinene-induced allelopathy

The α-pinene is the main allelochemical of many weeds that inhibit the growth of Elymus nutans, an important forage and ecological restoration herbage. However, the response changes of α-pinene-induced allelopathy to E. nutans is still unclear. Here, we investigated the physiological, biochemical and phytohormone changes of E. nutans exposed to different α-pinene concentrations. The α-pinene-stress had no significant effect on height and fresh weight (FW) of seedlings. The water-soluble proteins, the soluble sugars and proline (Pro) strengthened seedlings immunity at 5 and 10 µL L(−1) α-pinene. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) increased at 5 µL L(−1) α-pinene to resist stress. APX reduced the membrane lipid peroxidation quickly at 10 µL L(−1) α-pinene. The high-activity of peroxidase (POD), APX along with the high level of GSH contributed to the cellular redox equilibrium at 15 µL L(−1) α-pinene. The POD, glutathione reductase (GR) activity and glutathione (GSH) level remained stable at 20 µL L(−1) α-pinene. The changes in antioxidant enzymes and antioxidants indicated that E. nutans was effective in counteracting the harmful effects generated by hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)). The α-pinene caused severe phytotoxic effects in E. nutans seedlings at 15 and 20 µL L(−1). Endogenous signal nitric oxide (NO) and cell membrane damage product Pro accumulated in leaves of E. nutans seedlings at 15 and 20 µL L(−1) α-pinene, while lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulated. The chlorophylls (Chls), chlorophyll a (Chl a), chlorophyll b (Chl b) content decreased, and biomass of seedlings was severely inhibited at 20 µL L(−1) α-pinene. The α-pinene caused phytotoxic effects on E. nutans seedlings mainly through breaking the balance of the membrane system rather than with reactive oxygen species (ROS) productionat 15 and 20 µL L(−1) α-pinene. Additionally, phytohormone levels were altered by α-pinene-stress. Abscisic acid (ABA) and indole acetic acid (IAA) of E. nutans seedlings were sensitive to α-pinene. As for the degree of α-pinene stress, salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) played an important role in resisting allelopathic effects at 15 µL L(−1) α-pinene. The ABA, Zeatin, SA, gibberellin 7 (GA7), JA and IAA levels increased at 20 µL L(−1) α-pinene. The α-pinene had a greatest impact on ABA and IAA levels. Collectively, our results suggest that E. nutans seedlings were effective in counteracting the harmful effects at 5 and 10 µL L(−1) α-pinene, and they were severely stressed at 15 and 20 µL L(−1) α-pinene. Our findings provided references for understanding the allelopathic mechanism about allelochemicals to plants.