Medical injection and infusion practices among HIV-seronegative people and people living with HIV: a behavioural survey of 10 HIV testing and opportunistic infections/antiretroviral therapy sites in Cambodia

OBJECTIVES: In late 2014, an HIV outbreak occurred in rural Cambodia among villagers who received medical injections from unlicensed medical providers, justifying the need to assess medical injection practices among those who are at risk of acquiring and/or transmitting HIV. This study examined medical injection/infusion behaviours among people living with HIV (PLWH) and those who were HIV negative in Cambodia. These behaviours should be properly assessed, especially among PLWH, as their prevalence might influence a future risk of other outbreaks. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in order to examine injection behaviours and estimate injection prevalence and rates by HIV status. Unsafe injections/infusions were those received from village providers who do not work at a health centre or hospital, or traditional providers at the participant’s (self-injection included) or provider’s home. Logistic regression was performed to examine the relationship between unsafe injection/infusion and HIV, adjusting for sex, age, education, occupation, residence location and other risk factors. SETTING: The survey was conducted in 10 HIV testing and treatment hospitals/clinics across selected provinces in Cambodia, from February to March 2017. PARTICIPANTS: A total number of 500 volunteers participated in the survey, 250 PLWH and 250 HIV-negative individuals. OUTCOME MEASURES: Measures of injection prevalence and other risk behaviours were based on self-reports. RESULTS: Both groups of participants reported similar past year’s injection/infusion use, 47% (n=66) among PLWH and 54% (n=110) HIV-negative participants (p=0.24). However, 15% (n=11) of PLWH reported having received unsafe last injection compared with only 7% (n=11) of HIV-negative participants. In logistic regression, this association remained numerically positive, but was not statistically significant (adjusted OR 1.84 (95% CI: 0.71 to 4.80)). CONCLUSIONS: The inclination for medical injections and infusions (unsafe at times) among PLWH and the general population in Cambodia was common and could possibly represent yet another opportunity for parenteral transmission outbreak.