Analysis of Modifiable, Non-Modifiable, and Physiological Risk Factors of Non-Communicable Diseases in Indonesia: Evidence from the 2018 Indonesian Basic Health Research

PURPOSE: Indonesia is facing an increasing occurrence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) every year. We assessed the modifiable, non-modifiable, and physiological risk factors of NCDs among the Indonesian population. METHODS: Secondary data was analyzed from the 2018 Indonesian basic health research (RISKESDAS). The national survey included participants aged 15–54 years and obtained 514,351 responses. Linear systematic two-stage sampling was conducted by RISKESDAS. Furthermore, chi-square and binary logistic regression were utilized to explore the determinant of NCDs with a significance level of 95%. RESULTS: We found that almost 10% respondents in Indonesia had NCDs. We observed that depression has a higher odd (aOR: 2.343; 95% CI: 2.235–2.456) contributed to NCDs and followed other factors such as no education (aOR: 1.049; 95% CI: 1.007–1.092), passive smoking (aOR: 0.910; 95% CI: 0.878–0.942), fatty food (aOR: 1.050; 95% CI: 1.029–1.073), burnt food (aOR: 1.033; 95% CI: 1.005–1.062), food with preservatives (aOR: 1.038; 95% CI: 1.002–1.075), seasoned food (aOR: 1.057; 95% CI: 1.030–1.084), soft drinks (aOR: 1.112; 95% CI: 1.057–1.169), living in an urban area (aOR: 1.143; 95% CI: 1.119–1.168), living in central Indonesia (1.243; 95% CI: 1.187–1.302), being female (aOR: 1.235; 95% CI: 1.177–1.25), and obese (aOR: 1.787; 95% CI: 1.686–1.893). Conversely, people in Indonesia who undertook vigorous activity (aOR: 0.892; 95% CI: 0.864–0.921), had employment (aOR: 0.814; 95% CI: 0.796–0.834), had access to improved sources of drinking water (aOR: 0.910; 95% CI: 0.878–0.942), and were aged 35–44 years (aOR: 0.457; 95% CI: 0.446–0.467) were less likely to develop NCDs. CONCLUSION: Modifiable, non-modifiable, and physiological risk factors have a significant influence on NCDs in Indonesia. This finding can be valuable information for Indonesian Government to arrange a cross-collaboration between government, healthcare workers, and society through advocacy, partnership, health promotion, early detection, and management of NCDs.