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Medically important bacteria isolated from commercial herbal medicines in Kampala city indicate the need to enhance safety frameworks
The high global bacterial infection burden has created need to investigate the neglected potential drivers of pathogenic bacteria, to inform disease prevention. Kampala is facing a proliferation of herbalists, selling herbal medicine (HM), of largely unregulated microbiological quality. We evaluated...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Nature Publishing Group UK
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9533980/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36198745 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-21065-y |
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author | Walusansa, Abdul Nakavuma, Jesca. L. Asiimwe, Savina Ssenku, Jamilu. E. Aruhomukama, Dickson Sekulima, Tahalu Kafeero, Hussein. M. Anywar, Godwin Katuura, Esther Nabatanzi, Alice Musisi, Nathan. L. Tugume, Arthur. K. Kakudidi, Esezah. K. |
author_facet | Walusansa, Abdul Nakavuma, Jesca. L. Asiimwe, Savina Ssenku, Jamilu. E. Aruhomukama, Dickson Sekulima, Tahalu Kafeero, Hussein. M. Anywar, Godwin Katuura, Esther Nabatanzi, Alice Musisi, Nathan. L. Tugume, Arthur. K. Kakudidi, Esezah. K. |
author_sort | Walusansa, Abdul |
collection | PubMed |
description | The high global bacterial infection burden has created need to investigate the neglected potential drivers of pathogenic bacteria, to inform disease prevention. Kampala is facing a proliferation of herbalists, selling herbal medicine (HM), of largely unregulated microbiological quality. We evaluated the bacterial contamination burden in HM sold in Kampala, to support evidence-based redress. The total viable loads (TVL), total coliform counts (TCC), E. coli counts, and prevalence of selected bacterial strains in 140 HM were examined using conventional culture, following the guidelines of World Health Organization (WHO), and Uganda National Drug Authority (NDA). Data were analyzed using D'Agostino-Pearson test, frequencies, proportions, Chi-square, and Mann–Whitney U test with STATA version-15.0. Fifty (35.7%), fifty-nine (42.1%), and twelve (8.6%) HM were unsafe for human use because they exceeded WHO’s permissible limits for TVL, TCC, and E. coli counts respectively. Solids had significantly higher mean TVL than liquids. Violation of NDA’s guidelines was significantly associated with high TVL. Fifty-nine bacteria, viz., Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 34; 57.6%), Escherichia. coli (12; 20.3%), Staphylococcus aureus (7; 11.9%), Klebsiella oxytoca (3; 5.1%), Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp. (1; 1.7% each), were isolated from 45 (32.1%) samples. These bacteria can cause severe clinical diseases, and promote deterioration of HM potency. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9533980 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Nature Publishing Group UK |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-95339802022-10-06 Medically important bacteria isolated from commercial herbal medicines in Kampala city indicate the need to enhance safety frameworks Walusansa, Abdul Nakavuma, Jesca. L. Asiimwe, Savina Ssenku, Jamilu. E. Aruhomukama, Dickson Sekulima, Tahalu Kafeero, Hussein. M. Anywar, Godwin Katuura, Esther Nabatanzi, Alice Musisi, Nathan. L. Tugume, Arthur. K. Kakudidi, Esezah. K. Sci Rep Article The high global bacterial infection burden has created need to investigate the neglected potential drivers of pathogenic bacteria, to inform disease prevention. Kampala is facing a proliferation of herbalists, selling herbal medicine (HM), of largely unregulated microbiological quality. We evaluated the bacterial contamination burden in HM sold in Kampala, to support evidence-based redress. The total viable loads (TVL), total coliform counts (TCC), E. coli counts, and prevalence of selected bacterial strains in 140 HM were examined using conventional culture, following the guidelines of World Health Organization (WHO), and Uganda National Drug Authority (NDA). Data were analyzed using D'Agostino-Pearson test, frequencies, proportions, Chi-square, and Mann–Whitney U test with STATA version-15.0. Fifty (35.7%), fifty-nine (42.1%), and twelve (8.6%) HM were unsafe for human use because they exceeded WHO’s permissible limits for TVL, TCC, and E. coli counts respectively. Solids had significantly higher mean TVL than liquids. Violation of NDA’s guidelines was significantly associated with high TVL. Fifty-nine bacteria, viz., Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 34; 57.6%), Escherichia. coli (12; 20.3%), Staphylococcus aureus (7; 11.9%), Klebsiella oxytoca (3; 5.1%), Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp. (1; 1.7% each), were isolated from 45 (32.1%) samples. These bacteria can cause severe clinical diseases, and promote deterioration of HM potency. Nature Publishing Group UK 2022-10-05 /pmc/articles/PMC9533980/ /pubmed/36198745 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-21065-y Text en © The Author(s) 2022 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . |
spellingShingle | Article Walusansa, Abdul Nakavuma, Jesca. L. Asiimwe, Savina Ssenku, Jamilu. E. Aruhomukama, Dickson Sekulima, Tahalu Kafeero, Hussein. M. Anywar, Godwin Katuura, Esther Nabatanzi, Alice Musisi, Nathan. L. Tugume, Arthur. K. Kakudidi, Esezah. K. Medically important bacteria isolated from commercial herbal medicines in Kampala city indicate the need to enhance safety frameworks |
title | Medically important bacteria isolated from commercial herbal medicines in Kampala city indicate the need to enhance safety frameworks |
title_full | Medically important bacteria isolated from commercial herbal medicines in Kampala city indicate the need to enhance safety frameworks |
title_fullStr | Medically important bacteria isolated from commercial herbal medicines in Kampala city indicate the need to enhance safety frameworks |
title_full_unstemmed | Medically important bacteria isolated from commercial herbal medicines in Kampala city indicate the need to enhance safety frameworks |
title_short | Medically important bacteria isolated from commercial herbal medicines in Kampala city indicate the need to enhance safety frameworks |
title_sort | medically important bacteria isolated from commercial herbal medicines in kampala city indicate the need to enhance safety frameworks |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9533980/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36198745 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-21065-y |
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