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Emergence and dissemination of monkeypox, an intimidating global public health problem
The monkeypox virus (MPXV) is the cause of a zoonotic infection similar to smallpox. Although it is endemic to Africa, it has recently begun to circulate in other parts of the world. In July 2022, the World Health Organization declared monkeypox an international public health emergency. This review...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences.
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9534090/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36174285 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2022.09.008 |
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author | Ejaz, Hasan Junaid, Kashaf Younas, Sonia Abdalla, Abualgasim E. Bukhari, Syed Nasir Abbas Abosalif, Khalid O.A. Ahmad, Naveed Ahmed, Zeeshan Hamza, Manhal Ahmed Anwar, Naeem |
author_facet | Ejaz, Hasan Junaid, Kashaf Younas, Sonia Abdalla, Abualgasim E. Bukhari, Syed Nasir Abbas Abosalif, Khalid O.A. Ahmad, Naveed Ahmed, Zeeshan Hamza, Manhal Ahmed Anwar, Naeem |
author_sort | Ejaz, Hasan |
collection | PubMed |
description | The monkeypox virus (MPXV) is the cause of a zoonotic infection similar to smallpox. Although it is endemic to Africa, it has recently begun to circulate in other parts of the world. In July 2022, the World Health Organization declared monkeypox an international public health emergency. This review aims to provide an overview of this neglected zoonotic pathogen. MPXV circulates as two distinct clades, the Central African and West African, with case fatality rates of 10.6% and 3.6%, respectively. The risk of infection is greater for those who work with animals or infected individuals. The virus’ entry into the human body provokes both natural and acquired immunity. Although natural killer cells, CD4 + T cells, and CD8 + T cells play an essential role in eradicating MPXV, there is still a gap in the understanding of the host immune response to the virus. Currently, there are no specific therapeutic guidelines for treating monkeypox; however, some antiviral drugs such as tecovirimat and cidofovir may help to abate the severity of the disease. The use of nonpharmaceutical interventions and immunization can reduce the risk of infection. Increased surveillance and identification of monkeypox cases are crucial to understand the constantly shifting epidemiology of this resurging and intimidating disease. The present review provides a detailed perspective on the emergence and circulation of MPXV in human populations, infection risks, human immune response, disease diagnosis and prevention strategies, and future implications, and highlights the importance of the research community engaging more with this disease for an effective global response. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9534090 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-95340902022-10-07 Emergence and dissemination of monkeypox, an intimidating global public health problem Ejaz, Hasan Junaid, Kashaf Younas, Sonia Abdalla, Abualgasim E. Bukhari, Syed Nasir Abbas Abosalif, Khalid O.A. Ahmad, Naveed Ahmed, Zeeshan Hamza, Manhal Ahmed Anwar, Naeem J Infect Public Health Review The monkeypox virus (MPXV) is the cause of a zoonotic infection similar to smallpox. Although it is endemic to Africa, it has recently begun to circulate in other parts of the world. In July 2022, the World Health Organization declared monkeypox an international public health emergency. This review aims to provide an overview of this neglected zoonotic pathogen. MPXV circulates as two distinct clades, the Central African and West African, with case fatality rates of 10.6% and 3.6%, respectively. The risk of infection is greater for those who work with animals or infected individuals. The virus’ entry into the human body provokes both natural and acquired immunity. Although natural killer cells, CD4 + T cells, and CD8 + T cells play an essential role in eradicating MPXV, there is still a gap in the understanding of the host immune response to the virus. Currently, there are no specific therapeutic guidelines for treating monkeypox; however, some antiviral drugs such as tecovirimat and cidofovir may help to abate the severity of the disease. The use of nonpharmaceutical interventions and immunization can reduce the risk of infection. Increased surveillance and identification of monkeypox cases are crucial to understand the constantly shifting epidemiology of this resurging and intimidating disease. The present review provides a detailed perspective on the emergence and circulation of MPXV in human populations, infection risks, human immune response, disease diagnosis and prevention strategies, and future implications, and highlights the importance of the research community engaging more with this disease for an effective global response. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences. 2022-10 2022-09-24 /pmc/articles/PMC9534090/ /pubmed/36174285 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2022.09.008 Text en Crown Copyright © 2022 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences. Elsevier has created a Monkeypox Information Center (https://www.elsevier.com/connect/monkeypox-information-center) in response to the declared public health emergency of international concern, with free information in English on the monkeypox virus. The Monkeypox Information Center is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its monkeypox related research that is available on the Monkeypox Information Center - including this research content - immediately available in publicly funded repositories, with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the Monkeypox Information Center remains active. |
spellingShingle | Review Ejaz, Hasan Junaid, Kashaf Younas, Sonia Abdalla, Abualgasim E. Bukhari, Syed Nasir Abbas Abosalif, Khalid O.A. Ahmad, Naveed Ahmed, Zeeshan Hamza, Manhal Ahmed Anwar, Naeem Emergence and dissemination of monkeypox, an intimidating global public health problem |
title | Emergence and dissemination of monkeypox, an intimidating global public health problem |
title_full | Emergence and dissemination of monkeypox, an intimidating global public health problem |
title_fullStr | Emergence and dissemination of monkeypox, an intimidating global public health problem |
title_full_unstemmed | Emergence and dissemination of monkeypox, an intimidating global public health problem |
title_short | Emergence and dissemination of monkeypox, an intimidating global public health problem |
title_sort | emergence and dissemination of monkeypox, an intimidating global public health problem |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9534090/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36174285 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2022.09.008 |
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