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Prospective Dynamic and Probabilistic Material Flow Analysis of Graphene-Based Materials in Europe from 2004 to 2030
[Image: see text] As industrial demand for graphene-based materials (GBMs) grows, more attention falls on potential environmental risks. The present article describes a first assessment of the environmental releases of GBMs using dynamic probabilistic material flow analysis. The model considered all...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
American Chemical Society
2022
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9535810/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36150207 http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c04002 |
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author | Hong, Hyunjoo Part, Florian Nowack, Bernd |
author_facet | Hong, Hyunjoo Part, Florian Nowack, Bernd |
author_sort | Hong, Hyunjoo |
collection | PubMed |
description | [Image: see text] As industrial demand for graphene-based materials (GBMs) grows, more attention falls on potential environmental risks. The present article describes a first assessment of the environmental releases of GBMs using dynamic probabilistic material flow analysis. The model considered all current or expected uses of GBMs from 2004 to 2030, during which time there have already been significant changes in how the graphene mass produced is distributed to different product categories. Although the volume of GBM production is expected to grow exponentially in the coming years, outflow from the consumption of products containing GBMs shows only a slightly positive trend due to their long lifetimes and the large in-use stock of some applications (e.g., GBM composites used in wind turbine blades). From consumption and end-of-life phase GBM mass flows in 2030, estimates suggest that more than 50% will be incinerated and oxidized in waste plants, 16% will be landfilled, 12% will be exported out of Europe, and 1.4% of the annual production will flow to the environment. Predicted release concentrations for 2030 are 1.4 ng/L in surface water and 20 μg/kg in sludge-treated soil. This study’s results could be used for prospective environmental risk assessments and as input for environmental fate models. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9535810 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | American Chemical Society |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-95358102022-10-07 Prospective Dynamic and Probabilistic Material Flow Analysis of Graphene-Based Materials in Europe from 2004 to 2030 Hong, Hyunjoo Part, Florian Nowack, Bernd Environ Sci Technol [Image: see text] As industrial demand for graphene-based materials (GBMs) grows, more attention falls on potential environmental risks. The present article describes a first assessment of the environmental releases of GBMs using dynamic probabilistic material flow analysis. The model considered all current or expected uses of GBMs from 2004 to 2030, during which time there have already been significant changes in how the graphene mass produced is distributed to different product categories. Although the volume of GBM production is expected to grow exponentially in the coming years, outflow from the consumption of products containing GBMs shows only a slightly positive trend due to their long lifetimes and the large in-use stock of some applications (e.g., GBM composites used in wind turbine blades). From consumption and end-of-life phase GBM mass flows in 2030, estimates suggest that more than 50% will be incinerated and oxidized in waste plants, 16% will be landfilled, 12% will be exported out of Europe, and 1.4% of the annual production will flow to the environment. Predicted release concentrations for 2030 are 1.4 ng/L in surface water and 20 μg/kg in sludge-treated soil. This study’s results could be used for prospective environmental risk assessments and as input for environmental fate models. American Chemical Society 2022-09-23 2022-10-04 /pmc/articles/PMC9535810/ /pubmed/36150207 http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c04002 Text en © 2022 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/Permits non-commercial access and re-use, provided that author attribution and integrity are maintained; but does not permit creation of adaptations or other derivative works (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Hong, Hyunjoo Part, Florian Nowack, Bernd Prospective Dynamic and Probabilistic Material Flow Analysis of Graphene-Based Materials in Europe from 2004 to 2030 |
title | Prospective Dynamic
and Probabilistic Material Flow
Analysis of Graphene-Based Materials in Europe from 2004 to 2030 |
title_full | Prospective Dynamic
and Probabilistic Material Flow
Analysis of Graphene-Based Materials in Europe from 2004 to 2030 |
title_fullStr | Prospective Dynamic
and Probabilistic Material Flow
Analysis of Graphene-Based Materials in Europe from 2004 to 2030 |
title_full_unstemmed | Prospective Dynamic
and Probabilistic Material Flow
Analysis of Graphene-Based Materials in Europe from 2004 to 2030 |
title_short | Prospective Dynamic
and Probabilistic Material Flow
Analysis of Graphene-Based Materials in Europe from 2004 to 2030 |
title_sort | prospective dynamic
and probabilistic material flow
analysis of graphene-based materials in europe from 2004 to 2030 |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9535810/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36150207 http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c04002 |
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