Production of biodiesel from non-edible feedstocks using environment friendly nano-magnetic Fe/SnO catalyst

Environmental problems associated with chemical catalysts to fulfil an ever-increasing energy demand have led to the search for an alternative environment friendly heterogeneous catalyst. If a catalyst being used in the biodiesel production is not environment friendly, then the environment is being contaminated in another way while trying to avoid pollution caused by burning of fossil fuels. The present study reports the use of nano-magnetic catalyst Fe/SnO supported on feldspar for the transesterification of various non-edible feedstocks oil, including Pongamia pinnata (karanja), Carthamus oxyacantha (wild safflower), Citrullus colocynthis (bitter apple), Sinapis arvensis (wild mustard) and Ricinus communis (castor). The optimized transesterification parameter was oil to methanol ratio (1:5, 1:10, 1:15, 1:20 and 1:25), catalyst amount (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5%), temperature (40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 °C), and reaction times (30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 min). The biodiesel yield was found to be more than 97% for all the tested feedstocks with a maximum biodiesel yield of 98.1 ± 0.6% obtained for bitter apple seed oil under optimum conditions (oil to methanol ratio of 1:10, catalyst amount of 1% at 50 °C for 120 min). The catalysts used for transesterification were magnetically extracted after completion of the reaction. Different physico-chemical parameters like pour point, density, cloud point, iodine value, acid value, saponification and cetane number were determined and the quality of all the biodiesel samples were found to be in the standard range (ASTM D6751 and EN 1404). Different techniques like XRD, FTIR, SEM and EDX were used to characterize the prepared nano-magnetic (Fe/SnO/Feldspar) catalyst.