Higher leaf nitrogen content is linked to tighter stomatal regulation of transpiration and more efficient water use across dryland trees

The least‐cost economic theory of photosynthesis shows that water and nitrogen are mutually substitutable resources to achieve a given carbon gain. However, vegetation in the Sahel has to cope with the dual challenge imposed by drought and nutrient‐poor soils. We addressed how variation in leaf nitrogen per area (N(area)) modulates leaf oxygen and carbon isotopic composition (δ(18)O, δ(13)C), as proxies of stomatal conductance and water‐use efficiency, across 34 Sahelian woody species. Dryland species exhibited diverging leaf δ(18)O and δ(13)C values, indicating large interspecific variation in time‐integrated stomatal conductance and water‐use efficiency. Structural equation modeling revealed that leaf N(area) is a pivotal trait linked to multiple water‐use traits. Leaf N(area) was positively linked to both δ(18)O and δ(13)C, suggesting higher carboxylation capacity and tighter stomatal regulation of transpiration in N‐rich species, which allows them to achieve higher water‐use efficiency and more conservative water use. These adaptations represent a key physiological advantage of N‐rich species, such as legumes, that could contribute to their dominance across many dryland regions. This is the first report of a robust mechanistic link between leaf N(area) and δ(18)O in dryland vegetation that is consistent with core principles of plant physiology.