Long‐term independence and quality of life after subthalamic stimulation in Parkinson disease

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Studies on long‐term nonmotor outcomes of subthalamic nucleus stimulation in Parkinson disease (PD) are scarce. This study reports on very long‐term non‐motor and motor outcomes in one of the largest cohorts of people with advanced PD, treated for >10 years with subthalamic nucleus stimulation. The main outcome was to document the evolution of independence in activities of daily living. The secondary outcomes were to measure the change in quality of life, as well as non‐motor and motor outcomes. METHODS: Patients were studied preoperatively, at 1 year, and beyond 10 years after subthalamic stimulation with an established protocol including motor, non‐motor, and neuropsychological assessments. RESULTS: Eighty‐five people with PD were included. Independence scores in the off‐medication condition (measured with the Schwab & England Activities of Daily Living Scale) as well as quality of life (measured with the Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire [PDQ]‐37) remained improved at longest follow‐up compared to preoperatively (respectively, p < 0.001, p = 0.015). Cognitive scores, measured with the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale, significantly worsened compared to before and 1 year after surgery (p < 0.001), without significant change in depression, measured with the Beck Depression Inventory. Motor fluctuations, dyskinesias, and off dystonia remained improved at longest follow‐up (p < 0.001), with a significant reduction in dopaminergic treatment (45%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the long‐term improvement of subthalamic stimulation on independence and quality of life, despite the progression of disease and the occurrence of levodopa‐resistant symptoms.