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Evolution of genetic mechanisms regulating cortical neurogenesis

The size of the cerebral cortex increases dramatically across amniotes, from reptiles to great apes. This is primarily due to different numbers of neurons and glial cells produced during embryonic development. The evolutionary expansion of cortical neurogenesis was linked to changes in neural stem a...

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Autores principales: Espinós, Alexandre, Fernández‐Ortuño, Eduardo, Negri, Enrico, Borrell, Víctor
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: John Wiley and Sons Inc. 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9543202/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35670518
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dneu.22891
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author Espinós, Alexandre
Fernández‐Ortuño, Eduardo
Negri, Enrico
Borrell, Víctor
author_facet Espinós, Alexandre
Fernández‐Ortuño, Eduardo
Negri, Enrico
Borrell, Víctor
author_sort Espinós, Alexandre
collection PubMed
description The size of the cerebral cortex increases dramatically across amniotes, from reptiles to great apes. This is primarily due to different numbers of neurons and glial cells produced during embryonic development. The evolutionary expansion of cortical neurogenesis was linked to changes in neural stem and progenitor cells, which acquired increased capacity of self‐amplification and neuron production. Evolution works via changes in the genome, and recent studies have identified a small number of new genes that emerged in the recent human and primate lineages, promoting cortical progenitor proliferation and increased neurogenesis. However, most of the mammalian genome corresponds to noncoding DNA that contains gene‐regulatory elements, and recent evidence precisely points at changes in expression levels of conserved genes as key in the evolution of cortical neurogenesis. Here, we provide an overview of basic cellular mechanisms involved in cortical neurogenesis across amniotes, and discuss recent progress on genetic mechanisms that may have changed during evolution, including gene expression regulation, leading to the expansion of the cerebral cortex.
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spelling pubmed-95432022022-10-14 Evolution of genetic mechanisms regulating cortical neurogenesis Espinós, Alexandre Fernández‐Ortuño, Eduardo Negri, Enrico Borrell, Víctor Dev Neurobiol Review Article The size of the cerebral cortex increases dramatically across amniotes, from reptiles to great apes. This is primarily due to different numbers of neurons and glial cells produced during embryonic development. The evolutionary expansion of cortical neurogenesis was linked to changes in neural stem and progenitor cells, which acquired increased capacity of self‐amplification and neuron production. Evolution works via changes in the genome, and recent studies have identified a small number of new genes that emerged in the recent human and primate lineages, promoting cortical progenitor proliferation and increased neurogenesis. However, most of the mammalian genome corresponds to noncoding DNA that contains gene‐regulatory elements, and recent evidence precisely points at changes in expression levels of conserved genes as key in the evolution of cortical neurogenesis. Here, we provide an overview of basic cellular mechanisms involved in cortical neurogenesis across amniotes, and discuss recent progress on genetic mechanisms that may have changed during evolution, including gene expression regulation, leading to the expansion of the cerebral cortex. John Wiley and Sons Inc. 2022-06-22 2022 /pmc/articles/PMC9543202/ /pubmed/35670518 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dneu.22891 Text en © 2022 The Authors. Developmental Neurobiology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.
spellingShingle Review Article
Espinós, Alexandre
Fernández‐Ortuño, Eduardo
Negri, Enrico
Borrell, Víctor
Evolution of genetic mechanisms regulating cortical neurogenesis
title Evolution of genetic mechanisms regulating cortical neurogenesis
title_full Evolution of genetic mechanisms regulating cortical neurogenesis
title_fullStr Evolution of genetic mechanisms regulating cortical neurogenesis
title_full_unstemmed Evolution of genetic mechanisms regulating cortical neurogenesis
title_short Evolution of genetic mechanisms regulating cortical neurogenesis
title_sort evolution of genetic mechanisms regulating cortical neurogenesis
topic Review Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9543202/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35670518
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dneu.22891
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