How to use power Doppler ultrasound in transvaginal assessment of uterine fibroids

Measuring vascularization in uterine fibroids is important for their diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. Vascularization can be measured by power Doppler ultrasound. The power Doppler signal depends on fibroid characteristics and on a variety of ultrasound‐machine settings. Literature describing which machine settings influence the power Doppler signal is limited. Each manufacturer names settings and presets at their own discretion, with little information available publicly. Consistency of machine settings is important for correct interpretation of images in daily practice and is essential in yielding reproducible data for research. The aims of this paper, drawing from both a literature search and semistructured interviews with ultrasound‐machine engineers and clinical experts in gynecological ultrasound, were: (1) to provide comprehensive background information on ultrasound physics and fibroid characteristics; (2) to present an overview of machine settings relevant to both two‐ and three‐dimensional power Doppler, including power Doppler frequency, pulse repetition frequency, gain, wall‐motion filter, acoustic power, persistence and signal rise; and (3) to provide a step‐by‐step tutorial on the optimal settings for vascular evaluation of uterine fibroids using power Doppler. The step‐by‐step tutorial comprises six steps to optimize the power Doppler signal, create a preset and acquire a reliable three‐dimensional volume. This step‐by‐step tutorial should help research groups and clinicians to use power Doppler correctly and reproducibly in the evaluation of uterine fibroids. © 2022 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.