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Breaking down the cell wall: Still an attractive antibacterial strategy

Since the advent of penicillin, humans have known about and explored the phenomenon of bacterial inhibition via antibiotics. However, with changes in the global environment and the abuse of antibiotics, resistance mechanisms have been selected in bacteria, presenting huge threats and challenges to t...

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Autores principales: Zhou, Jingxuan, Cai, Yi, Liu, Ying, An, Haoyue, Deng, Kaihong, Ashraf, Muhammad Awais, Zou, Lili, Wang, Jun
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9544107/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36212892
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.952633
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author Zhou, Jingxuan
Cai, Yi
Liu, Ying
An, Haoyue
Deng, Kaihong
Ashraf, Muhammad Awais
Zou, Lili
Wang, Jun
author_facet Zhou, Jingxuan
Cai, Yi
Liu, Ying
An, Haoyue
Deng, Kaihong
Ashraf, Muhammad Awais
Zou, Lili
Wang, Jun
author_sort Zhou, Jingxuan
collection PubMed
description Since the advent of penicillin, humans have known about and explored the phenomenon of bacterial inhibition via antibiotics. However, with changes in the global environment and the abuse of antibiotics, resistance mechanisms have been selected in bacteria, presenting huge threats and challenges to the global medical and health system. Thus, the study and development of new antimicrobials is of unprecedented urgency and difficulty. Bacteria surround themselves with a cell wall to maintain cell rigidity and protect against environmental insults. Humans have taken advantage of antibiotics to target the bacterial cell wall, yielding some of the most widely used antibiotics to date. The cell wall is essential for bacterial growth and virulence but is absent from humans, remaining a high-priority target for antibiotic screening throughout the antibiotic era. Here, we review the extensively studied targets, i.e., MurA, MurB, MurC, MurD, MurE, MurF, Alr, Ddl, MurI, MurG, lipid A, and BamA in the cell wall, starting from the very beginning to the latest developments to elucidate antimicrobial screening. Furthermore, recent advances, including MraY and MsbA in peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide, and tagO, LtaS, LspA, Lgt, Lnt, Tol-Pal, MntC, and OspA in teichoic acid and lipoprotein, have also been profoundly discussed. The review further highlights that the application of new methods such as macromolecular labeling, compound libraries construction, and structure-based drug design will inspire researchers to screen ideal antibiotics.
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spelling pubmed-95441072022-10-08 Breaking down the cell wall: Still an attractive antibacterial strategy Zhou, Jingxuan Cai, Yi Liu, Ying An, Haoyue Deng, Kaihong Ashraf, Muhammad Awais Zou, Lili Wang, Jun Front Microbiol Microbiology Since the advent of penicillin, humans have known about and explored the phenomenon of bacterial inhibition via antibiotics. However, with changes in the global environment and the abuse of antibiotics, resistance mechanisms have been selected in bacteria, presenting huge threats and challenges to the global medical and health system. Thus, the study and development of new antimicrobials is of unprecedented urgency and difficulty. Bacteria surround themselves with a cell wall to maintain cell rigidity and protect against environmental insults. Humans have taken advantage of antibiotics to target the bacterial cell wall, yielding some of the most widely used antibiotics to date. The cell wall is essential for bacterial growth and virulence but is absent from humans, remaining a high-priority target for antibiotic screening throughout the antibiotic era. Here, we review the extensively studied targets, i.e., MurA, MurB, MurC, MurD, MurE, MurF, Alr, Ddl, MurI, MurG, lipid A, and BamA in the cell wall, starting from the very beginning to the latest developments to elucidate antimicrobial screening. Furthermore, recent advances, including MraY and MsbA in peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide, and tagO, LtaS, LspA, Lgt, Lnt, Tol-Pal, MntC, and OspA in teichoic acid and lipoprotein, have also been profoundly discussed. The review further highlights that the application of new methods such as macromolecular labeling, compound libraries construction, and structure-based drug design will inspire researchers to screen ideal antibiotics. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-09-23 /pmc/articles/PMC9544107/ /pubmed/36212892 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.952633 Text en Copyright © 2022 Zhou, Cai, Liu, An, Deng, Ashraf, Zou and Wang. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Microbiology
Zhou, Jingxuan
Cai, Yi
Liu, Ying
An, Haoyue
Deng, Kaihong
Ashraf, Muhammad Awais
Zou, Lili
Wang, Jun
Breaking down the cell wall: Still an attractive antibacterial strategy
title Breaking down the cell wall: Still an attractive antibacterial strategy
title_full Breaking down the cell wall: Still an attractive antibacterial strategy
title_fullStr Breaking down the cell wall: Still an attractive antibacterial strategy
title_full_unstemmed Breaking down the cell wall: Still an attractive antibacterial strategy
title_short Breaking down the cell wall: Still an attractive antibacterial strategy
title_sort breaking down the cell wall: still an attractive antibacterial strategy
topic Microbiology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9544107/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36212892
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.952633
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