Psychological, functional and social outcomes in adolescent and young adult cancer survivors over time: A systematic review of longitudinal studies

OBJECTIVE: Most adolescents and young adults (AYA) can expect to survive a cancer diagnosis and treatment, but all will be left with the potential of long‐term negative effects that can impact their ability to reach their full potential in life. Understanding aspects of psychological, functional, and social health and well‐being outcomes, is pivotal for optimising long‐term well‐being. METHODS: We completed a systematic review of longitudinal studies reporting outcomes after anti‐cancer treatment for Adolescents and Young Adults diagnosed between the age of 12–29 years according to established systematic review processes. The protocol was registered with PROSPERO (ID: CRD 42020203116). RESULTS: Thirteen reports from 10 studies met eligibility criteria representing 17,645 individuals (50.3% female, mean age at diagnosis 22 years, and 26 years at last, follow up). Eleven reports were from eight quantitative studies that relied on self‐report surveys and two were qualitative studies. Psychological outcomes were reported to improve over time, as were functional health outcomes, although reported health behaviours were inconsistent between studies. Neurocognitive deficits were reported to affect the ability to return to work and impacts on fertility and sexuality were sustained over time. CONCLUSIONS: While some outcomes for AYA are reported to improve over time, particularly for physical functioning, and anxiety and depression, the long‐term impact of cancer on many important domains remains largely unknown. Specifically, the evidence to understand what changes occur over time, and when, remains underdeveloped.