Sexually transmitted doping: The impact of urine contamination of semen

The high sensitivity of antidoping detection tests creates the possibility of inadvertent doping due to an athlete's unknowing ingestion of contaminated environmental sources such as dietary supplements, food, or drinks. Recently, athletes denying use of a prohibited substance have claimed that the positive antidoping tests was due to exchange of bodily fluids with a nonathlete partner using a prohibited substance. Measurement of drugs in semen is largely limited to one or very few samples due to the inaccessibility of sufficiently frequent semen samples for detailed pharmacokinetics. An emerging issue in semen drug measurements is that semen samples may contain residual urine from ejaculation left in the urethra; however, the urine content in semen samples has not been studied. In the present study, we employed concurrent creatinine measurements in urine and seminal plasma to determine the urine content of semen samples.