Upregulation of TMCO3 Promoting Tumor Progression and Contributing to the Poor Prognosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: TMCO3, a member of the monovalent cation:proton antiporter-2 family, has been annotated as a Na(+)/H(+) antiporter, but its pathophysiological role is still unclear. We aimed to investigate the expression profile, prognostic significance, and oncogenic role of TMCO3 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: Bioinformatic analyses were conducted using transcriptome data from public databases to determine the expression, prognosis, and functional enrichment of TMCO3 in HCC. TMCO3 expression was further validated in an independent HCC cohort from our institution. The oncogenic role of TMCO3 in HCC was evaluated using in vitro and in vivo experiments. RESULTS: The upregulated expression of TMCO3 was identified and verified in multiple HCC cohorts, and worse overall survival and recurrence-free survival were observed in patients with high TMCO3 expression. The overexpression and knockdown of TMCO3 could affect the proliferation and metastasis of HCC cells, which might be associated with the p53-induced cell cycle regulation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition, respectively. Notably, significant correlations were found between dysregulated TMCO3 and various antitumor agents. Its role in sorafenib sensitivity was further identified by in vitro experiments and the potential mechanism might be related to the regulation of apoptosis. Positive correlations were also identified between upregulation of TMCO3 and the increased infiltration of various immune cells and the elevated expression of multiple immune checkpoint genes in HCC. CONCLUSIONS: Upregulated TMCO3 could act as an oncogenic mediator and promote sorafenib resistance in HCC, providing a potential therapeutic target for HCC treatment.