Co-modulation of T cells and B cells enhances the inhibition of inflammation in experimental hypersensitivity pneumonitis

BACKGROUND: Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is an interstitial lung disease characterized by antigen-triggered neutrophilic exacerbations. Although CD4(+) T cells are sufficient for HP pathogenesis, this never translated into efficient T cell-specific therapies. Increasing evidence shows that B cells also play decisive roles in HP. Here, we aimed to further define the respective contributions of B and T cells in subacute experimental HP. METHODS: Mice were subjected to a protocol of subacute exposure to the archaeon Methanosphaera stadmanae to induce experimental HP. Using models of adoptive transfers of B cells and T cells in Rag1-deficient mice and of B cell-specific S1P(1) deletion, we assessed the importance of B cells in the development of HP by evaluating inflammation in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. We also aimed to determine if injected antibodies targeting B and/or T cells could alleviate HP exacerbations using a therapeutic course of intervention. RESULTS: Even though B cells are not sufficient to induce HP, they strongly potentiate CD4(+) T cell-induced HP‑associated neutrophilic inflammation in the airways. However, the reduction of 85% of lung B cells in mice with a CD19-driven S1P(1) deletion does not dampen HP inflammation, suggesting that lung B cells are not necessary in large numbers to sustain local inflammation. Finally, we found that injecting antibodies targeting B cells after experimental HP was induced does not dampen neutrophilic exacerbation. Yet, injection of antibodies directed against B cells and T cells yielded a potent 76% inhibition of neutrophilic accumulation in the lungs. This inhibition occurred despite partial, sometimes mild, depletion of B cells and T cells subsets. CONCLUSIONS: Although B cells are required for maximal inflammation in subacute experimental HP, partial reduction of B cells fails to reduce HP-associated inflammation by itself. However, co-modulation of T cells and B cells yields enhanced inhibition of HP exacerbation caused by an antigenic rechallenge. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12931-022-02200-9.