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Explicit and implicit attitudes toward smoking: Dissociation of attitudes and different characteristics for an implicit attitude in smokers and nonsmokers

Smoking is a global health risk for premature death and disease. Recently, addictive behaviors, like smoking, were considered to be guided by explicit and implicit processes. The existence of a dissociation between the two attitudes in nonsmokers and the causes of the differences in implicit attitud...

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Autores principales: Gao, Xinyue, Sawamura, Daisuke, Saito, Ryuji, Murakami, Yui, Yano, Rika, Sakuraba, Satoshi, Yoshida, Susumu, Sakai, Shinya, Yoshida, Kazuki
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Public Library of Science 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9550055/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36215275
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275914
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author Gao, Xinyue
Sawamura, Daisuke
Saito, Ryuji
Murakami, Yui
Yano, Rika
Sakuraba, Satoshi
Yoshida, Susumu
Sakai, Shinya
Yoshida, Kazuki
author_facet Gao, Xinyue
Sawamura, Daisuke
Saito, Ryuji
Murakami, Yui
Yano, Rika
Sakuraba, Satoshi
Yoshida, Susumu
Sakai, Shinya
Yoshida, Kazuki
author_sort Gao, Xinyue
collection PubMed
description Smoking is a global health risk for premature death and disease. Recently, addictive behaviors, like smoking, were considered to be guided by explicit and implicit processes. The existence of a dissociation between the two attitudes in nonsmokers and the causes of the differences in implicit attitudes toward smoking have not been fully investigated. We investigated the explicit and implicit attitudes toward smoking via a self-reported scale and the single category implicit association test (SC-IAT), respectively, among undergraduate and graduate health sciences students. In addition, we applied the drift-diffusion model (DDM) on the SC-IAT and examined the behavioral characteristics that caused differences in implicit attitude toward smoking between smokers and nonsmokers. The results showed the existence of a dissociation between explicit and implicit attitudes toward smoking among nonsmokers. In addition, nonsmokers had a higher decision threshold than smokers and a higher drift rate in the condition where negative words were associated with smoking. Nonsmokers engaged in SC-IAT with more cautious attitudes and responded more easily in a negative condition since it was consistent with their true attitudes. Conversely, smokers did not show a significant difference in the drift rate between the conditions. These results suggested that the differences in an implicit attitude between smokers and nonsmokers were caused by differences in evidence accumulation speed between the positive and negative conditions. The existence of dissociation between implicit and explicit attitudes toward smoking may indicate the difficulty of measuring true attitude in nonsmokers in a questionnaire survey. Additionally, the DDM results explained the difference of implicit attitude between smokers and nonsmokers; it may provide information on the mechanisms of addictive behaviors and a basis for therapy. However, whether these results are affected by cultural differences requires further investigation.
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spelling pubmed-95500552022-10-11 Explicit and implicit attitudes toward smoking: Dissociation of attitudes and different characteristics for an implicit attitude in smokers and nonsmokers Gao, Xinyue Sawamura, Daisuke Saito, Ryuji Murakami, Yui Yano, Rika Sakuraba, Satoshi Yoshida, Susumu Sakai, Shinya Yoshida, Kazuki PLoS One Research Article Smoking is a global health risk for premature death and disease. Recently, addictive behaviors, like smoking, were considered to be guided by explicit and implicit processes. The existence of a dissociation between the two attitudes in nonsmokers and the causes of the differences in implicit attitudes toward smoking have not been fully investigated. We investigated the explicit and implicit attitudes toward smoking via a self-reported scale and the single category implicit association test (SC-IAT), respectively, among undergraduate and graduate health sciences students. In addition, we applied the drift-diffusion model (DDM) on the SC-IAT and examined the behavioral characteristics that caused differences in implicit attitude toward smoking between smokers and nonsmokers. The results showed the existence of a dissociation between explicit and implicit attitudes toward smoking among nonsmokers. In addition, nonsmokers had a higher decision threshold than smokers and a higher drift rate in the condition where negative words were associated with smoking. Nonsmokers engaged in SC-IAT with more cautious attitudes and responded more easily in a negative condition since it was consistent with their true attitudes. Conversely, smokers did not show a significant difference in the drift rate between the conditions. These results suggested that the differences in an implicit attitude between smokers and nonsmokers were caused by differences in evidence accumulation speed between the positive and negative conditions. The existence of dissociation between implicit and explicit attitudes toward smoking may indicate the difficulty of measuring true attitude in nonsmokers in a questionnaire survey. Additionally, the DDM results explained the difference of implicit attitude between smokers and nonsmokers; it may provide information on the mechanisms of addictive behaviors and a basis for therapy. However, whether these results are affected by cultural differences requires further investigation. Public Library of Science 2022-10-10 /pmc/articles/PMC9550055/ /pubmed/36215275 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275914 Text en © 2022 Gao et al https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
spellingShingle Research Article
Gao, Xinyue
Sawamura, Daisuke
Saito, Ryuji
Murakami, Yui
Yano, Rika
Sakuraba, Satoshi
Yoshida, Susumu
Sakai, Shinya
Yoshida, Kazuki
Explicit and implicit attitudes toward smoking: Dissociation of attitudes and different characteristics for an implicit attitude in smokers and nonsmokers
title Explicit and implicit attitudes toward smoking: Dissociation of attitudes and different characteristics for an implicit attitude in smokers and nonsmokers
title_full Explicit and implicit attitudes toward smoking: Dissociation of attitudes and different characteristics for an implicit attitude in smokers and nonsmokers
title_fullStr Explicit and implicit attitudes toward smoking: Dissociation of attitudes and different characteristics for an implicit attitude in smokers and nonsmokers
title_full_unstemmed Explicit and implicit attitudes toward smoking: Dissociation of attitudes and different characteristics for an implicit attitude in smokers and nonsmokers
title_short Explicit and implicit attitudes toward smoking: Dissociation of attitudes and different characteristics for an implicit attitude in smokers and nonsmokers
title_sort explicit and implicit attitudes toward smoking: dissociation of attitudes and different characteristics for an implicit attitude in smokers and nonsmokers
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9550055/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36215275
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275914
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