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Ubiquitin-like processing of TUG proteins as a mechanism to regulate glucose uptake and energy metabolism in fat and muscle
In response to insulin stimulation, fat and muscle cells mobilize GLUT4 glucose transporters to the cell surface to enhance glucose uptake. Ubiquitin-like processing of TUG (Aspscr1, UBXD9) proteins is a central mechanism to regulate this process. Here, recent advances in this area are reviewed. The...
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9556833/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36246906 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.1019405 |
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author | Bogan, Jonathan S. |
author_facet | Bogan, Jonathan S. |
author_sort | Bogan, Jonathan S. |
collection | PubMed |
description | In response to insulin stimulation, fat and muscle cells mobilize GLUT4 glucose transporters to the cell surface to enhance glucose uptake. Ubiquitin-like processing of TUG (Aspscr1, UBXD9) proteins is a central mechanism to regulate this process. Here, recent advances in this area are reviewed. The data support a model in which intact TUG traps insulin-responsive “GLUT4 storage vesicles” at the Golgi matrix by binding vesicle cargoes with its N-terminus and matrix proteins with its C-terminus. Insulin stimulation liberates these vesicles by triggering endoproteolytic cleavage of TUG, mediated by the Usp25m protease. Cleavage occurs in fat and muscle cells, but not in fibroblasts or other cell types. Proteolytic processing of intact TUG generates TUGUL, a ubiquitin-like protein modifier, as the N-terminal cleavage product. In adipocytes, TUGUL modifies a single protein, the KIF5B kinesin motor, which carries GLUT4 and other vesicle cargoes to the cell surface. In muscle, this or another motor may be modified. After cleavage of intact TUG, the TUG C-terminal product is extracted from the Golgi matrix by the p97 (VCP) ATPase. In both muscle and fat, this cleavage product enters the nucleus, binds PPARγ and PGC-1α, and regulates gene expression to promote fatty acid oxidation and thermogenesis. The stability of the TUG C-terminal product is regulated by an Ate1 arginyltransferase-dependent N-degron pathway, which may create a feedback mechanism to control oxidative metabolism. Although it is now clear that TUG processing coordinates glucose uptake with other aspects of physiology and metabolism, many questions remain about how this pathway is regulated and how it is altered in metabolic disease in humans. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9556833 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-95568332022-10-14 Ubiquitin-like processing of TUG proteins as a mechanism to regulate glucose uptake and energy metabolism in fat and muscle Bogan, Jonathan S. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) Endocrinology In response to insulin stimulation, fat and muscle cells mobilize GLUT4 glucose transporters to the cell surface to enhance glucose uptake. Ubiquitin-like processing of TUG (Aspscr1, UBXD9) proteins is a central mechanism to regulate this process. Here, recent advances in this area are reviewed. The data support a model in which intact TUG traps insulin-responsive “GLUT4 storage vesicles” at the Golgi matrix by binding vesicle cargoes with its N-terminus and matrix proteins with its C-terminus. Insulin stimulation liberates these vesicles by triggering endoproteolytic cleavage of TUG, mediated by the Usp25m protease. Cleavage occurs in fat and muscle cells, but not in fibroblasts or other cell types. Proteolytic processing of intact TUG generates TUGUL, a ubiquitin-like protein modifier, as the N-terminal cleavage product. In adipocytes, TUGUL modifies a single protein, the KIF5B kinesin motor, which carries GLUT4 and other vesicle cargoes to the cell surface. In muscle, this or another motor may be modified. After cleavage of intact TUG, the TUG C-terminal product is extracted from the Golgi matrix by the p97 (VCP) ATPase. In both muscle and fat, this cleavage product enters the nucleus, binds PPARγ and PGC-1α, and regulates gene expression to promote fatty acid oxidation and thermogenesis. The stability of the TUG C-terminal product is regulated by an Ate1 arginyltransferase-dependent N-degron pathway, which may create a feedback mechanism to control oxidative metabolism. Although it is now clear that TUG processing coordinates glucose uptake with other aspects of physiology and metabolism, many questions remain about how this pathway is regulated and how it is altered in metabolic disease in humans. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-09-29 /pmc/articles/PMC9556833/ /pubmed/36246906 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.1019405 Text en Copyright © 2022 Bogan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Endocrinology Bogan, Jonathan S. Ubiquitin-like processing of TUG proteins as a mechanism to regulate glucose uptake and energy metabolism in fat and muscle |
title | Ubiquitin-like processing of TUG proteins as a mechanism to regulate glucose uptake and energy metabolism in fat and muscle |
title_full | Ubiquitin-like processing of TUG proteins as a mechanism to regulate glucose uptake and energy metabolism in fat and muscle |
title_fullStr | Ubiquitin-like processing of TUG proteins as a mechanism to regulate glucose uptake and energy metabolism in fat and muscle |
title_full_unstemmed | Ubiquitin-like processing of TUG proteins as a mechanism to regulate glucose uptake and energy metabolism in fat and muscle |
title_short | Ubiquitin-like processing of TUG proteins as a mechanism to regulate glucose uptake and energy metabolism in fat and muscle |
title_sort | ubiquitin-like processing of tug proteins as a mechanism to regulate glucose uptake and energy metabolism in fat and muscle |
topic | Endocrinology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9556833/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36246906 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.1019405 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT boganjonathans ubiquitinlikeprocessingoftugproteinsasamechanismtoregulateglucoseuptakeandenergymetabolisminfatandmuscle |