Designing dibenzosilole core based, A(2)–π–A(1)–π–D–π–A(1)–π–A(2) type donor molecules for promising photovoltaic parameters in organic photovoltaic cells

In this research work, four new molecules from the π–A–π–D–π–A–π type reference molecule “DBS-2PP”, were designed for their potential application in organic solar cells by adding peripheral A(2) acceptors to the reference. Under density functional theory, a comprehensive theoretical investigation was conducted to examine the structural geometries, along with the optical and photovoltaic parameters; comprising frontier molecular orbitals, density of states, light-harvesting effectiveness, excitation, binding, and reorganizational energies, molar absorption coefficient, dipole moment, as well as transition density matrix of all the molecules under study. In addition, some photo-voltaic characteristics (open circuit photo-voltage and fill factor) were also studied for these molecules. Although all the developed compounds (D1–D4) surpassed the reference molecule in the attributes mentioned above, D4 proved to be the best. D4 possessed the narrowest band-gap, as well as the highest absorption maxima and dipole moment of all the molecules in both the evaluated phases. Moreover, with PC(61)BM as the acceptor, D4 showed the maximum V(OC) and FF values. Furthermore, while D3 had the greatest hole mobility owing to its lowest value of hole reorganization energy, D4 exhibited the maximum electron mobility due to its lowermost value of electron reorganization energy. Overall, all the chromophores proposed in this study showed outstanding structural, optical, and photovoltaic features. Considering this, organic solar cell fabrication can be improved by using these newly derived donors at the donor–acceptor interfaces.