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COVID-19-related stigma and its relationship with mental wellbeing: A cross-sectional analysis of a cohort study in Japan
OBJECTIVE: Social stigma related to coronavirus disease (COVID-19), i. e., COVID-19 stigma, forms a burden on people socially, economically, and mentally. This study assessed COVID-19 stigma using a scale to identify a population likely to exhibit higher prejudice against COVID-19 itself as well as...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9558281/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36249227 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1010720 |
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author | Sawaguchi, Emiko Nakamura, Sho Watanabe, Kaname Tsuno, Kanami Ikegami, Hiromi Shinmura, Naoko Saito, Yoshinobu Narimatsu, Hiroto |
author_facet | Sawaguchi, Emiko Nakamura, Sho Watanabe, Kaname Tsuno, Kanami Ikegami, Hiromi Shinmura, Naoko Saito, Yoshinobu Narimatsu, Hiroto |
author_sort | Sawaguchi, Emiko |
collection | PubMed |
description | OBJECTIVE: Social stigma related to coronavirus disease (COVID-19), i. e., COVID-19 stigma, forms a burden on people socially, economically, and mentally. This study assessed COVID-19 stigma using a scale to identify a population likely to exhibit higher prejudice against COVID-19 itself as well as those infected with COVID-19. METHODS: We adapted and modified the Cancer Stigma Scale to assess COVID-19 stigma and used it as the baseline survey of a cohort study in Japan. The questionnaire was disseminated to 1,573 participants (51.7% men) between December 2020 and March 2021. The questionnaire items included the infection status of individuals close to the respondent and their preventive behaviors related to COVID-19, quality of life (QOL; using the EuroQoL 5-Dimension 5-Level [EQ-5D-5L]), and psychological distress (using the 6-item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale [K6]). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed to validate the COVID-19 stigma scale, and we further used the structural equation modeling (SEM) to assess the relationship with QOL and psychological distress. RESULTS: COVID-19 stigma was calculated for the 257 (16.3%) participants who responded to the questionnaire. The mean age (standard deviation) was 54.5 (14.4) years, and 50.2% were men. Factor analysis revealed a five-factor model: Awkwardness (feeling uncomfortable being with a person infected before), Severity (fear of not being able to return to normal after infection), Avoidance (attitude of avoiding infected persons), Policy Opposition (expecting more public funding investment), and Personal Responsibility (believing that infected persons themselves are responsible for their infection). Participants > 70 years had the highest scores among other age groups considering all factors except for Policy Opposition. Standardized coefficients in SEM for COVID-19 stigma (latent variable) was highest for Severity (beta = 0.86). Regression coefficients of COVID-19 stigma on K6 and QOL were 0.21 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.074–0.342) and −0.159 (95% CI −0.295–0.022), respectively. CONCLUSION: People aged ≥ 70 years are more likely to exhibit COVID-19 stigma. Additionally, the results indicate that COVID-19 stigma impacts QOL and psychological distress. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9558281 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-95582812022-10-14 COVID-19-related stigma and its relationship with mental wellbeing: A cross-sectional analysis of a cohort study in Japan Sawaguchi, Emiko Nakamura, Sho Watanabe, Kaname Tsuno, Kanami Ikegami, Hiromi Shinmura, Naoko Saito, Yoshinobu Narimatsu, Hiroto Front Public Health Public Health OBJECTIVE: Social stigma related to coronavirus disease (COVID-19), i. e., COVID-19 stigma, forms a burden on people socially, economically, and mentally. This study assessed COVID-19 stigma using a scale to identify a population likely to exhibit higher prejudice against COVID-19 itself as well as those infected with COVID-19. METHODS: We adapted and modified the Cancer Stigma Scale to assess COVID-19 stigma and used it as the baseline survey of a cohort study in Japan. The questionnaire was disseminated to 1,573 participants (51.7% men) between December 2020 and March 2021. The questionnaire items included the infection status of individuals close to the respondent and their preventive behaviors related to COVID-19, quality of life (QOL; using the EuroQoL 5-Dimension 5-Level [EQ-5D-5L]), and psychological distress (using the 6-item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale [K6]). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed to validate the COVID-19 stigma scale, and we further used the structural equation modeling (SEM) to assess the relationship with QOL and psychological distress. RESULTS: COVID-19 stigma was calculated for the 257 (16.3%) participants who responded to the questionnaire. The mean age (standard deviation) was 54.5 (14.4) years, and 50.2% were men. Factor analysis revealed a five-factor model: Awkwardness (feeling uncomfortable being with a person infected before), Severity (fear of not being able to return to normal after infection), Avoidance (attitude of avoiding infected persons), Policy Opposition (expecting more public funding investment), and Personal Responsibility (believing that infected persons themselves are responsible for their infection). Participants > 70 years had the highest scores among other age groups considering all factors except for Policy Opposition. Standardized coefficients in SEM for COVID-19 stigma (latent variable) was highest for Severity (beta = 0.86). Regression coefficients of COVID-19 stigma on K6 and QOL were 0.21 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.074–0.342) and −0.159 (95% CI −0.295–0.022), respectively. CONCLUSION: People aged ≥ 70 years are more likely to exhibit COVID-19 stigma. Additionally, the results indicate that COVID-19 stigma impacts QOL and psychological distress. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-09-29 /pmc/articles/PMC9558281/ /pubmed/36249227 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1010720 Text en Copyright © 2022 Sawaguchi, Nakamura, Watanabe, Tsuno, Ikegami, Shinmura, Saito and Narimatsu. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Public Health Sawaguchi, Emiko Nakamura, Sho Watanabe, Kaname Tsuno, Kanami Ikegami, Hiromi Shinmura, Naoko Saito, Yoshinobu Narimatsu, Hiroto COVID-19-related stigma and its relationship with mental wellbeing: A cross-sectional analysis of a cohort study in Japan |
title | COVID-19-related stigma and its relationship with mental wellbeing: A cross-sectional analysis of a cohort study in Japan |
title_full | COVID-19-related stigma and its relationship with mental wellbeing: A cross-sectional analysis of a cohort study in Japan |
title_fullStr | COVID-19-related stigma and its relationship with mental wellbeing: A cross-sectional analysis of a cohort study in Japan |
title_full_unstemmed | COVID-19-related stigma and its relationship with mental wellbeing: A cross-sectional analysis of a cohort study in Japan |
title_short | COVID-19-related stigma and its relationship with mental wellbeing: A cross-sectional analysis of a cohort study in Japan |
title_sort | covid-19-related stigma and its relationship with mental wellbeing: a cross-sectional analysis of a cohort study in japan |
topic | Public Health |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9558281/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36249227 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1010720 |
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