Utilization of the Viscum Species for Diet and Medicinal Purposes in Ruminants: A Review

SIMPLE SUMMARY: True mistletoe (of the Viscum species) is a semi-parasitic, perennial browse species that is found attached to its host—a shrub or a tree. It has important pharmaceutical and chemical properties that allow it to be used for a variety of purposes, including livestock production. Mistletoes are cheap and are a readily available source of minerals and protein for livestock, especially during the dry season. They grow primarily on the outer branches of the tree crown; however, they also frequently grow directly on the tree trunk in order to consume its nutrients and water, thereby affecting their host’s quality and development. Many countries are expected to discover and explore the potential of Viscum spp. and their management tools, which we investigate through this review. ABSTRACT: A cost-effective, alternative protein and mineral source such as the Viscum species can be key to livestock production. Viscum spp. are used as feed in many semi-arid and arid regions globally, particularly during feed shortages. The species’ feeding value, and their pharmaceutical attributes, have been recognized worldwide, albeit with variation in nutritive value from one host to another. The antinutritional factors found in Viscum spp. may benefit livestock when consumed in moderation due to their immunomodulatory, proapoptotic, and antimicrobial properties. The Vachellia species are known to be the common hosts for Viscum spp. Further, even though Viscum spp. inhibit host tree development by reducing carbon absorption and the host tree’s carbohydrates, the efforts to regulate their infestation should not result in the plant’s total eradication due to the benefits to livestock (as well as in fodder and medicine). This review will help to improve understanding of Viscum species control measures, while also increasing the productivity of ruminants.