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Biomarkers of Kidney Disease in Horses: A Review of the Current Literature
SIMPLE SUMMARY: The one marker that we routinely use to diagnose kidney disease in horses (creatinine) is not an ideal marker. Having additional biomarkers in blood and urine that can be measured could be beneficial. This review assesses available literature on new equine kidney biomarkers, and the...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9559299/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36230418 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12192678 |
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author | van Galen, Gaby Olsen, Emil Siwinska, Natalia |
author_facet | van Galen, Gaby Olsen, Emil Siwinska, Natalia |
author_sort | van Galen, Gaby |
collection | PubMed |
description | SIMPLE SUMMARY: The one marker that we routinely use to diagnose kidney disease in horses (creatinine) is not an ideal marker. Having additional biomarkers in blood and urine that can be measured could be beneficial. This review assesses available literature on new equine kidney biomarkers, and the authors suggest recommendations for clinical use in equine medicine. The markers discussed here are SDMA, cystatin C, podocin, NGAL, MMP-9 and NAG. NGAL, cystatin C and podocin show potential as biomarkers for kidney disease (including detecting kidney injury earlier than creatinine). SDMA may have some potential as a biomarker for equine kidney disease, but there is a lack of evidence for SDMA being advantageous over creatinine. For all biomarkers discussed here, the available scientific information is limited or too scarce to support clinical use, and only SDMA can be measured for clinical purposes. In conclusion, there are multiple new biomarkers with the potential to assess kidney function better than creatinine. However, there are only few studies available, and more data is needed before these biomarkers can be applied and recommended in our daily practice. ABSTRACT: Creatinine only allows detection of kidney disease when 60 to 75% of the glomerular function is lost and is therefore not an ideal marker of disease. Additional biomarkers could be beneficial to assess kidney function and disease. The objectives are to describe new equine kidney biomarkers. This systematic review assesses the available literature, including the validation process and reference values, following which the authors suggest recommendations for clinical use. SDMA may have some potential as equine kidney biomarker, but there is currently a lack of evidence that SDMA offers any advantage compared to creatinine in detecting Acute Kidney Injury (AKI). Cystatin C and podocin show potential as biomarkers for kidney disease (including detecting AKI earlier than creatinine) and should be studied further. NGAL has potential as a biomarker of kidney disease (including detecting AKI earlier than creatinine), and potential as an inflammatory marker. Literature on MMP-9 does not allow for conclusive statements about its potential as a biomarker for kidney disease. The future may show that NAG has potential. For all biomarkers, at this stage, available scientific information is limited or too scarce to support clinical use, and only SDMA can be measured for clinical purposes. In conclusion, there are multiple new biomarkers with the potential to diagnose kidney problems. However, there are only a few studies available and more data is needed before these biomarkers can be applied and recommended in our daily practice. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9559299 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-95592992022-10-14 Biomarkers of Kidney Disease in Horses: A Review of the Current Literature van Galen, Gaby Olsen, Emil Siwinska, Natalia Animals (Basel) Review SIMPLE SUMMARY: The one marker that we routinely use to diagnose kidney disease in horses (creatinine) is not an ideal marker. Having additional biomarkers in blood and urine that can be measured could be beneficial. This review assesses available literature on new equine kidney biomarkers, and the authors suggest recommendations for clinical use in equine medicine. The markers discussed here are SDMA, cystatin C, podocin, NGAL, MMP-9 and NAG. NGAL, cystatin C and podocin show potential as biomarkers for kidney disease (including detecting kidney injury earlier than creatinine). SDMA may have some potential as a biomarker for equine kidney disease, but there is a lack of evidence for SDMA being advantageous over creatinine. For all biomarkers discussed here, the available scientific information is limited or too scarce to support clinical use, and only SDMA can be measured for clinical purposes. In conclusion, there are multiple new biomarkers with the potential to assess kidney function better than creatinine. However, there are only few studies available, and more data is needed before these biomarkers can be applied and recommended in our daily practice. ABSTRACT: Creatinine only allows detection of kidney disease when 60 to 75% of the glomerular function is lost and is therefore not an ideal marker of disease. Additional biomarkers could be beneficial to assess kidney function and disease. The objectives are to describe new equine kidney biomarkers. This systematic review assesses the available literature, including the validation process and reference values, following which the authors suggest recommendations for clinical use. SDMA may have some potential as equine kidney biomarker, but there is currently a lack of evidence that SDMA offers any advantage compared to creatinine in detecting Acute Kidney Injury (AKI). Cystatin C and podocin show potential as biomarkers for kidney disease (including detecting AKI earlier than creatinine) and should be studied further. NGAL has potential as a biomarker of kidney disease (including detecting AKI earlier than creatinine), and potential as an inflammatory marker. Literature on MMP-9 does not allow for conclusive statements about its potential as a biomarker for kidney disease. The future may show that NAG has potential. For all biomarkers, at this stage, available scientific information is limited or too scarce to support clinical use, and only SDMA can be measured for clinical purposes. In conclusion, there are multiple new biomarkers with the potential to diagnose kidney problems. However, there are only a few studies available and more data is needed before these biomarkers can be applied and recommended in our daily practice. MDPI 2022-10-05 /pmc/articles/PMC9559299/ /pubmed/36230418 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12192678 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review van Galen, Gaby Olsen, Emil Siwinska, Natalia Biomarkers of Kidney Disease in Horses: A Review of the Current Literature |
title | Biomarkers of Kidney Disease in Horses: A Review of the Current Literature |
title_full | Biomarkers of Kidney Disease in Horses: A Review of the Current Literature |
title_fullStr | Biomarkers of Kidney Disease in Horses: A Review of the Current Literature |
title_full_unstemmed | Biomarkers of Kidney Disease in Horses: A Review of the Current Literature |
title_short | Biomarkers of Kidney Disease in Horses: A Review of the Current Literature |
title_sort | biomarkers of kidney disease in horses: a review of the current literature |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9559299/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36230418 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12192678 |
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