Histone Deacetylase 3 Governs β-Estradiol-ERα-Involved Endometrial Tumorigenesis via Inhibition of STING Transcription

SIMPLE SUMMARY: Endometrial carcinoma is one of the most threatening gynecological malignancies to women’s health, with mortality linked to it increasing, and finding novel and effective methods to combat endometrial carcinoma is becoming a clinical challenge. The stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway plays a crucial role in antitumor immunity, and it is strictly regulated by many types of post-translational modifications. The aim of our study was to uncover the expression and the contribution of acetylation involved in the regulation of STING to endometrial cancer. We confirmed that STING expression was deregulated by both β-estradiol and HDAC3, and worked as an important regulator of proliferation and apoptosis. Inhibition of HDAC3 increased STING expression, thereby inhibiting tumorigenesis. Therefore, this study uncovers a novel molecular mechanism by which HDAC3 inhibits STING transcription via β-estradiol-ERα, and provides a promising therapy with a combination of HDAC and STING for combating endometrial cancer. ABSTRACT: Purpose: The stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway plays a crucial role in antitumor immunity, and it is strictly regulated by many types of post-translational modifications. However, the contribution of acetylation involved in the regulation of STING to endometrial tumorigenesis remains unclear. Methods: We attempted to identify the key role of STING in endometrial carcinoma (EC) tissue and cell lines and explore its epigenetic regulation mechanism by HDACs that are critically involved in EC. We used IHC and qRT-PCR to detect the protein level and mRNA level of STING expression in endometrial carcinoma tissues, then explored the potential role of STING in tumor proliferation and apoptosis by CCK8 and flow cytometry, and identified the STING effect in the tumorigenicity by a mouse xenograft assay. We explored the possible relationship of acetylation alteration in STING regulation by ChIP analysis and Co-IP, and we knocked out STING in ECC1 and Ishikawa cells using CRISPR-Cas9 to further confirm the critical role of STING restoration induced by HDAC3 inhibitor RGFP-966 in the proliferation and apoptosis. Results: We found that STING expression was largely decreased and worked as an important regulator of cell proliferation and apoptosis; either activated or overexpressed STING, with both pharmacological and genetic approaches, largely blocked cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in EC. Moreover, STING expression was deregulated by both β-estradiol and HDAC3. Mechanically, we determined that HDAC3 can interact with β-estradiol-ERα and induce deacetylation of histone 3 lysine 4 at the STING promoter, thereby decreasing STING expression. Inhibition of HDAC3 increased STING expression, thereby inhibiting tumorigenesis. Conclusion: This study reveals a novel molecular mechanism by which HDAC3 inhibits STING transcription via β-estradiol-ERα and provides a promising therapy (a combination of HDAC and STING) for combating endometrial cancer.