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Mechanistic Understanding of the Olfactory Neuroepithelium Involvement Leading to Short-Term Anosmia in COVID-19 Using the Adverse Outcome Pathway Framework
Loss of the sense of smell (anosmia) has been included as a COVID-19 symptom by the World Health Organization. The majority of patients recover the sense of smell within a few weeks postinfection (short-term anosmia), while others report persistent anosmia. Several studies have investigated the mech...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9563945/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36230989 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11193027 |
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author | Shahbaz, Muhammad Ali De Bernardi, Francesca Alatalo, Arto Sachana, Magdalini Clerbaux, Laure-Alix Muñoz, Amalia Parvatam, Surat Landesmann, Brigitte Kanninen, Katja M. Coecke, Sandra |
author_facet | Shahbaz, Muhammad Ali De Bernardi, Francesca Alatalo, Arto Sachana, Magdalini Clerbaux, Laure-Alix Muñoz, Amalia Parvatam, Surat Landesmann, Brigitte Kanninen, Katja M. Coecke, Sandra |
author_sort | Shahbaz, Muhammad Ali |
collection | PubMed |
description | Loss of the sense of smell (anosmia) has been included as a COVID-19 symptom by the World Health Organization. The majority of patients recover the sense of smell within a few weeks postinfection (short-term anosmia), while others report persistent anosmia. Several studies have investigated the mechanisms leading to anosmia in COVID-19; however, the evidence is scattered, and the mechanisms remain poorly understood. Based on a comprehensive review of the literature, we aim here to evaluate the current knowledge and uncertainties regarding the mechanisms leading to short-term anosmia following SARS-CoV-2 infection. We applied an adverse outcome pathway (AOP) framework, well established in toxicology, to propose a sequence of measurable key events (KEs) leading to short-term anosmia in COVID-19. Those KEs are (1) SARS-CoV-2 Spike proteins binding to ACE-2 expressed by the sustentacular (SUS) cells in the olfactory epithelium (OE); (2) viral entry into SUS cells; (3) viral replication in the SUS cells; (4) SUS cell death; (5) damage to the olfactory sensory neurons and the olfactory epithelium (OE). This AOP-aligned approach allows for the identification of gaps where more research should be conducted and where therapeutic intervention could act. Finally, this AOP gives a frame to explain several disease features and can be linked to specific factors that lead to interindividual differences in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9563945 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-95639452022-10-15 Mechanistic Understanding of the Olfactory Neuroepithelium Involvement Leading to Short-Term Anosmia in COVID-19 Using the Adverse Outcome Pathway Framework Shahbaz, Muhammad Ali De Bernardi, Francesca Alatalo, Arto Sachana, Magdalini Clerbaux, Laure-Alix Muñoz, Amalia Parvatam, Surat Landesmann, Brigitte Kanninen, Katja M. Coecke, Sandra Cells Hypothesis Loss of the sense of smell (anosmia) has been included as a COVID-19 symptom by the World Health Organization. The majority of patients recover the sense of smell within a few weeks postinfection (short-term anosmia), while others report persistent anosmia. Several studies have investigated the mechanisms leading to anosmia in COVID-19; however, the evidence is scattered, and the mechanisms remain poorly understood. Based on a comprehensive review of the literature, we aim here to evaluate the current knowledge and uncertainties regarding the mechanisms leading to short-term anosmia following SARS-CoV-2 infection. We applied an adverse outcome pathway (AOP) framework, well established in toxicology, to propose a sequence of measurable key events (KEs) leading to short-term anosmia in COVID-19. Those KEs are (1) SARS-CoV-2 Spike proteins binding to ACE-2 expressed by the sustentacular (SUS) cells in the olfactory epithelium (OE); (2) viral entry into SUS cells; (3) viral replication in the SUS cells; (4) SUS cell death; (5) damage to the olfactory sensory neurons and the olfactory epithelium (OE). This AOP-aligned approach allows for the identification of gaps where more research should be conducted and where therapeutic intervention could act. Finally, this AOP gives a frame to explain several disease features and can be linked to specific factors that lead to interindividual differences in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. MDPI 2022-09-27 /pmc/articles/PMC9563945/ /pubmed/36230989 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11193027 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Hypothesis Shahbaz, Muhammad Ali De Bernardi, Francesca Alatalo, Arto Sachana, Magdalini Clerbaux, Laure-Alix Muñoz, Amalia Parvatam, Surat Landesmann, Brigitte Kanninen, Katja M. Coecke, Sandra Mechanistic Understanding of the Olfactory Neuroepithelium Involvement Leading to Short-Term Anosmia in COVID-19 Using the Adverse Outcome Pathway Framework |
title | Mechanistic Understanding of the Olfactory Neuroepithelium Involvement Leading to Short-Term Anosmia in COVID-19 Using the Adverse Outcome Pathway Framework |
title_full | Mechanistic Understanding of the Olfactory Neuroepithelium Involvement Leading to Short-Term Anosmia in COVID-19 Using the Adverse Outcome Pathway Framework |
title_fullStr | Mechanistic Understanding of the Olfactory Neuroepithelium Involvement Leading to Short-Term Anosmia in COVID-19 Using the Adverse Outcome Pathway Framework |
title_full_unstemmed | Mechanistic Understanding of the Olfactory Neuroepithelium Involvement Leading to Short-Term Anosmia in COVID-19 Using the Adverse Outcome Pathway Framework |
title_short | Mechanistic Understanding of the Olfactory Neuroepithelium Involvement Leading to Short-Term Anosmia in COVID-19 Using the Adverse Outcome Pathway Framework |
title_sort | mechanistic understanding of the olfactory neuroepithelium involvement leading to short-term anosmia in covid-19 using the adverse outcome pathway framework |
topic | Hypothesis |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9563945/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36230989 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11193027 |
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