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Holm Oak (Quercus ilex subsp. ballota (Desf.) Samp.) Bark Aqueous Ammonia Extract for the Control of Invasive Forest Pathogens

Holm oak (Quercus ilex subsp. ballota (Desf.) Samp.) bark is a commonly used remedy to treat gastrointestinal disorders, throat and skin infections, hemorrhages, and dysentery. It has also been previously reported that its methanol extracts possess antibacterial activity, which can be related to the...

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Autores principales: Sánchez-Hernández, Eva, Balduque-Gil, Joaquín, Barriuso-Vargas, Juan J., Casanova-Gascón, José, González-García, Vicente, Cuchí-Oterino, José Antonio, Lorenzo-Vidal, Belén, Martín-Gil, Jesús, Martín-Ramos, Pablo
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9569932/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36233184
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911882
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author Sánchez-Hernández, Eva
Balduque-Gil, Joaquín
Barriuso-Vargas, Juan J.
Casanova-Gascón, José
González-García, Vicente
Cuchí-Oterino, José Antonio
Lorenzo-Vidal, Belén
Martín-Gil, Jesús
Martín-Ramos, Pablo
author_facet Sánchez-Hernández, Eva
Balduque-Gil, Joaquín
Barriuso-Vargas, Juan J.
Casanova-Gascón, José
González-García, Vicente
Cuchí-Oterino, José Antonio
Lorenzo-Vidal, Belén
Martín-Gil, Jesús
Martín-Ramos, Pablo
author_sort Sánchez-Hernández, Eva
collection PubMed
description Holm oak (Quercus ilex subsp. ballota (Desf.) Samp.) bark is a commonly used remedy to treat gastrointestinal disorders, throat and skin infections, hemorrhages, and dysentery. It has also been previously reported that its methanol extracts possess antibacterial activity, which can be related to the richness of Quercus spp. extracts in phenolic compounds, such as flavonoids and tannins. However, there is no information on the antifungal (including oomycete) properties of the bark from Q. ilex or its subspecies (ilex and ballota). In this work, we report the characterization of the aqueous ammonia extract of its bark by FTIR and GC-MS and the results of in vitro and ex situ inhibition tests against three phytopathogens. The main phytochemical components identified were inositols (19.5%), trans-squalene (13%), 4-butoxy-1-butanol (11.4%), gulopyranose (9.6%), lyxose (6.5%), 2,4-dimethyl-benzo[H]quinoline (5.1%), catechol (4.5%), and methoxyphenols (4.2%). The efficacy of the extract in controlling forest phytopathogens was tested in vitro against Fusarium circinatum (responsible for pitch canker of Pinus spp.), Cryphonectria parasitica (which causes chestnut blight), and Phytophthora cinnamomi (which causes ‘root and crown rot’ in a variety of hosts, including Castanea, conifers, Eucalyptus, Fagus, Juglans, Quercus, etc.), obtaining EC(90) values of 322, 295, and 75 μg·mL(−1), respectively, much lower than those attained for a commercial strobilurin fungicide (azoxystrobin). The extract was further tested ex situ against P. cinnamomi on artificially inoculated, excised stems of ‘Garnem’ almond rootstock, attaining complete protection at a dose of 782 μg·mL(−1). The results suggest that holm oak bark extract may be a promising source of bioactive compounds against invasive forest pathogens, including the oomycete that is causing its decline, the so-called ‘seca’ in Spain.
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spelling pubmed-95699322022-10-17 Holm Oak (Quercus ilex subsp. ballota (Desf.) Samp.) Bark Aqueous Ammonia Extract for the Control of Invasive Forest Pathogens Sánchez-Hernández, Eva Balduque-Gil, Joaquín Barriuso-Vargas, Juan J. Casanova-Gascón, José González-García, Vicente Cuchí-Oterino, José Antonio Lorenzo-Vidal, Belén Martín-Gil, Jesús Martín-Ramos, Pablo Int J Mol Sci Article Holm oak (Quercus ilex subsp. ballota (Desf.) Samp.) bark is a commonly used remedy to treat gastrointestinal disorders, throat and skin infections, hemorrhages, and dysentery. It has also been previously reported that its methanol extracts possess antibacterial activity, which can be related to the richness of Quercus spp. extracts in phenolic compounds, such as flavonoids and tannins. However, there is no information on the antifungal (including oomycete) properties of the bark from Q. ilex or its subspecies (ilex and ballota). In this work, we report the characterization of the aqueous ammonia extract of its bark by FTIR and GC-MS and the results of in vitro and ex situ inhibition tests against three phytopathogens. The main phytochemical components identified were inositols (19.5%), trans-squalene (13%), 4-butoxy-1-butanol (11.4%), gulopyranose (9.6%), lyxose (6.5%), 2,4-dimethyl-benzo[H]quinoline (5.1%), catechol (4.5%), and methoxyphenols (4.2%). The efficacy of the extract in controlling forest phytopathogens was tested in vitro against Fusarium circinatum (responsible for pitch canker of Pinus spp.), Cryphonectria parasitica (which causes chestnut blight), and Phytophthora cinnamomi (which causes ‘root and crown rot’ in a variety of hosts, including Castanea, conifers, Eucalyptus, Fagus, Juglans, Quercus, etc.), obtaining EC(90) values of 322, 295, and 75 μg·mL(−1), respectively, much lower than those attained for a commercial strobilurin fungicide (azoxystrobin). The extract was further tested ex situ against P. cinnamomi on artificially inoculated, excised stems of ‘Garnem’ almond rootstock, attaining complete protection at a dose of 782 μg·mL(−1). The results suggest that holm oak bark extract may be a promising source of bioactive compounds against invasive forest pathogens, including the oomycete that is causing its decline, the so-called ‘seca’ in Spain. MDPI 2022-10-06 /pmc/articles/PMC9569932/ /pubmed/36233184 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911882 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Sánchez-Hernández, Eva
Balduque-Gil, Joaquín
Barriuso-Vargas, Juan J.
Casanova-Gascón, José
González-García, Vicente
Cuchí-Oterino, José Antonio
Lorenzo-Vidal, Belén
Martín-Gil, Jesús
Martín-Ramos, Pablo
Holm Oak (Quercus ilex subsp. ballota (Desf.) Samp.) Bark Aqueous Ammonia Extract for the Control of Invasive Forest Pathogens
title Holm Oak (Quercus ilex subsp. ballota (Desf.) Samp.) Bark Aqueous Ammonia Extract for the Control of Invasive Forest Pathogens
title_full Holm Oak (Quercus ilex subsp. ballota (Desf.) Samp.) Bark Aqueous Ammonia Extract for the Control of Invasive Forest Pathogens
title_fullStr Holm Oak (Quercus ilex subsp. ballota (Desf.) Samp.) Bark Aqueous Ammonia Extract for the Control of Invasive Forest Pathogens
title_full_unstemmed Holm Oak (Quercus ilex subsp. ballota (Desf.) Samp.) Bark Aqueous Ammonia Extract for the Control of Invasive Forest Pathogens
title_short Holm Oak (Quercus ilex subsp. ballota (Desf.) Samp.) Bark Aqueous Ammonia Extract for the Control of Invasive Forest Pathogens
title_sort holm oak (quercus ilex subsp. ballota (desf.) samp.) bark aqueous ammonia extract for the control of invasive forest pathogens
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9569932/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36233184
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911882
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