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Tracking of Extracellular Vesicles’ Biodistribution: New Methods and Approaches

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized lipid bilayer vesicles that are released by almost all cell types. They range in diameter from 30 nm to several micrometres and have the ability to carry biologically active molecules such as proteins, lipids, RNA, and DNA. EVs are natural vectors and play...

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Autores principales: Aimaletdinov, Alexander M., Gomzikova, Marina O.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9569979/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36232613
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911312
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author Aimaletdinov, Alexander M.
Gomzikova, Marina O.
author_facet Aimaletdinov, Alexander M.
Gomzikova, Marina O.
author_sort Aimaletdinov, Alexander M.
collection PubMed
description Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized lipid bilayer vesicles that are released by almost all cell types. They range in diameter from 30 nm to several micrometres and have the ability to carry biologically active molecules such as proteins, lipids, RNA, and DNA. EVs are natural vectors and play an important role in many physiological and pathological processes. The amount and composition of EVs in human biological fluids serve as biomarkers and are used for diagnosing diseases and monitoring the effectiveness of treatment. EVs are promising for use as therapeutic agents and as natural vectors for drug delivery. However, the successful use of EVs in clinical practice requires an understanding of their biodistribution in an organism. Numerous studies conducted so far on the biodistribution of EVs show that, after intravenous administration, EVs are mostly localized in organs rich in blood vessels and organs associated with the reticuloendothelial system, such as the liver, lungs, spleen, and kidneys. In order to improve resolution, new dyes and labels are being developed and detection methods are being optimized. In this work, we review all available modern methods and approaches used to assess the biodistribution of EVs, as well as discuss their advantages and limitations.
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spelling pubmed-95699792022-10-17 Tracking of Extracellular Vesicles’ Biodistribution: New Methods and Approaches Aimaletdinov, Alexander M. Gomzikova, Marina O. Int J Mol Sci Review Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized lipid bilayer vesicles that are released by almost all cell types. They range in diameter from 30 nm to several micrometres and have the ability to carry biologically active molecules such as proteins, lipids, RNA, and DNA. EVs are natural vectors and play an important role in many physiological and pathological processes. The amount and composition of EVs in human biological fluids serve as biomarkers and are used for diagnosing diseases and monitoring the effectiveness of treatment. EVs are promising for use as therapeutic agents and as natural vectors for drug delivery. However, the successful use of EVs in clinical practice requires an understanding of their biodistribution in an organism. Numerous studies conducted so far on the biodistribution of EVs show that, after intravenous administration, EVs are mostly localized in organs rich in blood vessels and organs associated with the reticuloendothelial system, such as the liver, lungs, spleen, and kidneys. In order to improve resolution, new dyes and labels are being developed and detection methods are being optimized. In this work, we review all available modern methods and approaches used to assess the biodistribution of EVs, as well as discuss their advantages and limitations. MDPI 2022-09-25 /pmc/articles/PMC9569979/ /pubmed/36232613 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911312 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Aimaletdinov, Alexander M.
Gomzikova, Marina O.
Tracking of Extracellular Vesicles’ Biodistribution: New Methods and Approaches
title Tracking of Extracellular Vesicles’ Biodistribution: New Methods and Approaches
title_full Tracking of Extracellular Vesicles’ Biodistribution: New Methods and Approaches
title_fullStr Tracking of Extracellular Vesicles’ Biodistribution: New Methods and Approaches
title_full_unstemmed Tracking of Extracellular Vesicles’ Biodistribution: New Methods and Approaches
title_short Tracking of Extracellular Vesicles’ Biodistribution: New Methods and Approaches
title_sort tracking of extracellular vesicles’ biodistribution: new methods and approaches
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9569979/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36232613
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911312
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