Cargando…
Potential Protective Mechanisms of S-equol, a Metabolite of Soy Isoflavone by the Gut Microbiome, on Cognitive Decline and Dementia
S-equol, a metabolite of soy isoflavone daidzein transformed by the gut microbiome, is the most biologically potent among all soy isoflavones and their metabolites. Soy isoflavones are phytoestrogens and exert their actions through estrogen receptor-β. Epidemiological studies in East Asia, where soy...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , |
---|---|
Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
|
Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9570153/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36233223 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911921 |
_version_ | 1784810035758497792 |
---|---|
author | Sekikawa, Akira Wharton, Whitney Butts, Brittany Veliky, Cole V. Garfein, Joshua Li, Jiatong Goon, Shatabdi Fort, Annamaria Li, Mengyi Hughes, Timothy M. |
author_facet | Sekikawa, Akira Wharton, Whitney Butts, Brittany Veliky, Cole V. Garfein, Joshua Li, Jiatong Goon, Shatabdi Fort, Annamaria Li, Mengyi Hughes, Timothy M. |
author_sort | Sekikawa, Akira |
collection | PubMed |
description | S-equol, a metabolite of soy isoflavone daidzein transformed by the gut microbiome, is the most biologically potent among all soy isoflavones and their metabolites. Soy isoflavones are phytoestrogens and exert their actions through estrogen receptor-β. Epidemiological studies in East Asia, where soy isoflavones are regularly consumed, show that dietary isoflavone intake is inversely associated with cognitive decline and dementia; however, randomized controlled trials of soy isoflavones in Western countries did not generally show their cognitive benefit. The discrepant results may be attributed to S-equol production capability; after consuming soy isoflavones, 40–70% of East Asians produce S-equol, whereas 20–30% of Westerners do. Recent observational and clinical studies in Japan show that S-equol but not soy isoflavones is inversely associated with multiple vascular pathologies, contributing to cognitive impairment and dementia, including arterial stiffness and white matter lesion volume. S-equol has better permeability to the blood–brain barrier than soy isoflavones, although their affinity to estrogen receptor-β is similar. S-equol is also the most potent antioxidant among all known soy isoflavones. Although S-equol is available as a dietary supplement, no long-term trials in humans have examined the effect of S-equol supplementation on arterial stiffness, cerebrovascular disease, cognitive decline, or dementia. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9570153 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-95701532022-10-17 Potential Protective Mechanisms of S-equol, a Metabolite of Soy Isoflavone by the Gut Microbiome, on Cognitive Decline and Dementia Sekikawa, Akira Wharton, Whitney Butts, Brittany Veliky, Cole V. Garfein, Joshua Li, Jiatong Goon, Shatabdi Fort, Annamaria Li, Mengyi Hughes, Timothy M. Int J Mol Sci Review S-equol, a metabolite of soy isoflavone daidzein transformed by the gut microbiome, is the most biologically potent among all soy isoflavones and their metabolites. Soy isoflavones are phytoestrogens and exert their actions through estrogen receptor-β. Epidemiological studies in East Asia, where soy isoflavones are regularly consumed, show that dietary isoflavone intake is inversely associated with cognitive decline and dementia; however, randomized controlled trials of soy isoflavones in Western countries did not generally show their cognitive benefit. The discrepant results may be attributed to S-equol production capability; after consuming soy isoflavones, 40–70% of East Asians produce S-equol, whereas 20–30% of Westerners do. Recent observational and clinical studies in Japan show that S-equol but not soy isoflavones is inversely associated with multiple vascular pathologies, contributing to cognitive impairment and dementia, including arterial stiffness and white matter lesion volume. S-equol has better permeability to the blood–brain barrier than soy isoflavones, although their affinity to estrogen receptor-β is similar. S-equol is also the most potent antioxidant among all known soy isoflavones. Although S-equol is available as a dietary supplement, no long-term trials in humans have examined the effect of S-equol supplementation on arterial stiffness, cerebrovascular disease, cognitive decline, or dementia. MDPI 2022-10-07 /pmc/articles/PMC9570153/ /pubmed/36233223 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911921 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Sekikawa, Akira Wharton, Whitney Butts, Brittany Veliky, Cole V. Garfein, Joshua Li, Jiatong Goon, Shatabdi Fort, Annamaria Li, Mengyi Hughes, Timothy M. Potential Protective Mechanisms of S-equol, a Metabolite of Soy Isoflavone by the Gut Microbiome, on Cognitive Decline and Dementia |
title | Potential Protective Mechanisms of S-equol, a Metabolite of Soy Isoflavone by the Gut Microbiome, on Cognitive Decline and Dementia |
title_full | Potential Protective Mechanisms of S-equol, a Metabolite of Soy Isoflavone by the Gut Microbiome, on Cognitive Decline and Dementia |
title_fullStr | Potential Protective Mechanisms of S-equol, a Metabolite of Soy Isoflavone by the Gut Microbiome, on Cognitive Decline and Dementia |
title_full_unstemmed | Potential Protective Mechanisms of S-equol, a Metabolite of Soy Isoflavone by the Gut Microbiome, on Cognitive Decline and Dementia |
title_short | Potential Protective Mechanisms of S-equol, a Metabolite of Soy Isoflavone by the Gut Microbiome, on Cognitive Decline and Dementia |
title_sort | potential protective mechanisms of s-equol, a metabolite of soy isoflavone by the gut microbiome, on cognitive decline and dementia |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9570153/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36233223 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911921 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT sekikawaakira potentialprotectivemechanismsofsequolametaboliteofsoyisoflavonebythegutmicrobiomeoncognitivedeclineanddementia AT whartonwhitney potentialprotectivemechanismsofsequolametaboliteofsoyisoflavonebythegutmicrobiomeoncognitivedeclineanddementia AT buttsbrittany potentialprotectivemechanismsofsequolametaboliteofsoyisoflavonebythegutmicrobiomeoncognitivedeclineanddementia AT velikycolev potentialprotectivemechanismsofsequolametaboliteofsoyisoflavonebythegutmicrobiomeoncognitivedeclineanddementia AT garfeinjoshua potentialprotectivemechanismsofsequolametaboliteofsoyisoflavonebythegutmicrobiomeoncognitivedeclineanddementia AT lijiatong potentialprotectivemechanismsofsequolametaboliteofsoyisoflavonebythegutmicrobiomeoncognitivedeclineanddementia AT goonshatabdi potentialprotectivemechanismsofsequolametaboliteofsoyisoflavonebythegutmicrobiomeoncognitivedeclineanddementia AT fortannamaria potentialprotectivemechanismsofsequolametaboliteofsoyisoflavonebythegutmicrobiomeoncognitivedeclineanddementia AT limengyi potentialprotectivemechanismsofsequolametaboliteofsoyisoflavonebythegutmicrobiomeoncognitivedeclineanddementia AT hughestimothym potentialprotectivemechanismsofsequolametaboliteofsoyisoflavonebythegutmicrobiomeoncognitivedeclineanddementia |