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Potential Protective Mechanisms of S-equol, a Metabolite of Soy Isoflavone by the Gut Microbiome, on Cognitive Decline and Dementia

S-equol, a metabolite of soy isoflavone daidzein transformed by the gut microbiome, is the most biologically potent among all soy isoflavones and their metabolites. Soy isoflavones are phytoestrogens and exert their actions through estrogen receptor-β. Epidemiological studies in East Asia, where soy...

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Autores principales: Sekikawa, Akira, Wharton, Whitney, Butts, Brittany, Veliky, Cole V., Garfein, Joshua, Li, Jiatong, Goon, Shatabdi, Fort, Annamaria, Li, Mengyi, Hughes, Timothy M.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9570153/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36233223
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911921
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author Sekikawa, Akira
Wharton, Whitney
Butts, Brittany
Veliky, Cole V.
Garfein, Joshua
Li, Jiatong
Goon, Shatabdi
Fort, Annamaria
Li, Mengyi
Hughes, Timothy M.
author_facet Sekikawa, Akira
Wharton, Whitney
Butts, Brittany
Veliky, Cole V.
Garfein, Joshua
Li, Jiatong
Goon, Shatabdi
Fort, Annamaria
Li, Mengyi
Hughes, Timothy M.
author_sort Sekikawa, Akira
collection PubMed
description S-equol, a metabolite of soy isoflavone daidzein transformed by the gut microbiome, is the most biologically potent among all soy isoflavones and their metabolites. Soy isoflavones are phytoestrogens and exert their actions through estrogen receptor-β. Epidemiological studies in East Asia, where soy isoflavones are regularly consumed, show that dietary isoflavone intake is inversely associated with cognitive decline and dementia; however, randomized controlled trials of soy isoflavones in Western countries did not generally show their cognitive benefit. The discrepant results may be attributed to S-equol production capability; after consuming soy isoflavones, 40–70% of East Asians produce S-equol, whereas 20–30% of Westerners do. Recent observational and clinical studies in Japan show that S-equol but not soy isoflavones is inversely associated with multiple vascular pathologies, contributing to cognitive impairment and dementia, including arterial stiffness and white matter lesion volume. S-equol has better permeability to the blood–brain barrier than soy isoflavones, although their affinity to estrogen receptor-β is similar. S-equol is also the most potent antioxidant among all known soy isoflavones. Although S-equol is available as a dietary supplement, no long-term trials in humans have examined the effect of S-equol supplementation on arterial stiffness, cerebrovascular disease, cognitive decline, or dementia.
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spelling pubmed-95701532022-10-17 Potential Protective Mechanisms of S-equol, a Metabolite of Soy Isoflavone by the Gut Microbiome, on Cognitive Decline and Dementia Sekikawa, Akira Wharton, Whitney Butts, Brittany Veliky, Cole V. Garfein, Joshua Li, Jiatong Goon, Shatabdi Fort, Annamaria Li, Mengyi Hughes, Timothy M. Int J Mol Sci Review S-equol, a metabolite of soy isoflavone daidzein transformed by the gut microbiome, is the most biologically potent among all soy isoflavones and their metabolites. Soy isoflavones are phytoestrogens and exert their actions through estrogen receptor-β. Epidemiological studies in East Asia, where soy isoflavones are regularly consumed, show that dietary isoflavone intake is inversely associated with cognitive decline and dementia; however, randomized controlled trials of soy isoflavones in Western countries did not generally show their cognitive benefit. The discrepant results may be attributed to S-equol production capability; after consuming soy isoflavones, 40–70% of East Asians produce S-equol, whereas 20–30% of Westerners do. Recent observational and clinical studies in Japan show that S-equol but not soy isoflavones is inversely associated with multiple vascular pathologies, contributing to cognitive impairment and dementia, including arterial stiffness and white matter lesion volume. S-equol has better permeability to the blood–brain barrier than soy isoflavones, although their affinity to estrogen receptor-β is similar. S-equol is also the most potent antioxidant among all known soy isoflavones. Although S-equol is available as a dietary supplement, no long-term trials in humans have examined the effect of S-equol supplementation on arterial stiffness, cerebrovascular disease, cognitive decline, or dementia. MDPI 2022-10-07 /pmc/articles/PMC9570153/ /pubmed/36233223 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911921 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Sekikawa, Akira
Wharton, Whitney
Butts, Brittany
Veliky, Cole V.
Garfein, Joshua
Li, Jiatong
Goon, Shatabdi
Fort, Annamaria
Li, Mengyi
Hughes, Timothy M.
Potential Protective Mechanisms of S-equol, a Metabolite of Soy Isoflavone by the Gut Microbiome, on Cognitive Decline and Dementia
title Potential Protective Mechanisms of S-equol, a Metabolite of Soy Isoflavone by the Gut Microbiome, on Cognitive Decline and Dementia
title_full Potential Protective Mechanisms of S-equol, a Metabolite of Soy Isoflavone by the Gut Microbiome, on Cognitive Decline and Dementia
title_fullStr Potential Protective Mechanisms of S-equol, a Metabolite of Soy Isoflavone by the Gut Microbiome, on Cognitive Decline and Dementia
title_full_unstemmed Potential Protective Mechanisms of S-equol, a Metabolite of Soy Isoflavone by the Gut Microbiome, on Cognitive Decline and Dementia
title_short Potential Protective Mechanisms of S-equol, a Metabolite of Soy Isoflavone by the Gut Microbiome, on Cognitive Decline and Dementia
title_sort potential protective mechanisms of s-equol, a metabolite of soy isoflavone by the gut microbiome, on cognitive decline and dementia
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9570153/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36233223
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911921
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