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Cytokine Storm—Definition, Causes, and Implications
The human innate and adaptive immune systems consist of effector cells producing cytokines (interleukins, interferons, chemokines, and numerous other mediators). Usually, a fragile equilibrium of pro- and anti-inflammation effects is maintained by complex regulatory mechanisms. Disturbances of this...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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MDPI
2022
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9570384/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36233040 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911740 |
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author | Jarczak, Dominik Nierhaus, Axel |
author_facet | Jarczak, Dominik Nierhaus, Axel |
author_sort | Jarczak, Dominik |
collection | PubMed |
description | The human innate and adaptive immune systems consist of effector cells producing cytokines (interleukins, interferons, chemokines, and numerous other mediators). Usually, a fragile equilibrium of pro- and anti-inflammation effects is maintained by complex regulatory mechanisms. Disturbances of this homeostasis can lead to intricate chain reactions resulting in a massive release of cytokines. This may result in a drastic self-reinforcement of various feedback mechanisms, which can ultimately lead to systemic damage, multi-organ failure, or death. Not only pathogens can initiate such disturbances, but also congenital diseases or immunomodulatory therapies. Due to the complex and diverse interactions within the innate and adaptive immune systems, the understanding of this important clinical syndrome is incomplete to date and effective therapeutic approaches remain scarce. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9570384 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-95703842022-10-17 Cytokine Storm—Definition, Causes, and Implications Jarczak, Dominik Nierhaus, Axel Int J Mol Sci Review The human innate and adaptive immune systems consist of effector cells producing cytokines (interleukins, interferons, chemokines, and numerous other mediators). Usually, a fragile equilibrium of pro- and anti-inflammation effects is maintained by complex regulatory mechanisms. Disturbances of this homeostasis can lead to intricate chain reactions resulting in a massive release of cytokines. This may result in a drastic self-reinforcement of various feedback mechanisms, which can ultimately lead to systemic damage, multi-organ failure, or death. Not only pathogens can initiate such disturbances, but also congenital diseases or immunomodulatory therapies. Due to the complex and diverse interactions within the innate and adaptive immune systems, the understanding of this important clinical syndrome is incomplete to date and effective therapeutic approaches remain scarce. MDPI 2022-10-03 /pmc/articles/PMC9570384/ /pubmed/36233040 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911740 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Jarczak, Dominik Nierhaus, Axel Cytokine Storm—Definition, Causes, and Implications |
title | Cytokine Storm—Definition, Causes, and Implications |
title_full | Cytokine Storm—Definition, Causes, and Implications |
title_fullStr | Cytokine Storm—Definition, Causes, and Implications |
title_full_unstemmed | Cytokine Storm—Definition, Causes, and Implications |
title_short | Cytokine Storm—Definition, Causes, and Implications |
title_sort | cytokine storm—definition, causes, and implications |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9570384/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36233040 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911740 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT jarczakdominik cytokinestormdefinitioncausesandimplications AT nierhausaxel cytokinestormdefinitioncausesandimplications |