Cargando…

Cytokine Storm—Definition, Causes, and Implications

The human innate and adaptive immune systems consist of effector cells producing cytokines (interleukins, interferons, chemokines, and numerous other mediators). Usually, a fragile equilibrium of pro- and anti-inflammation effects is maintained by complex regulatory mechanisms. Disturbances of this...

Descripción completa

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Jarczak, Dominik, Nierhaus, Axel
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9570384/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36233040
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911740
_version_ 1784810092946784256
author Jarczak, Dominik
Nierhaus, Axel
author_facet Jarczak, Dominik
Nierhaus, Axel
author_sort Jarczak, Dominik
collection PubMed
description The human innate and adaptive immune systems consist of effector cells producing cytokines (interleukins, interferons, chemokines, and numerous other mediators). Usually, a fragile equilibrium of pro- and anti-inflammation effects is maintained by complex regulatory mechanisms. Disturbances of this homeostasis can lead to intricate chain reactions resulting in a massive release of cytokines. This may result in a drastic self-reinforcement of various feedback mechanisms, which can ultimately lead to systemic damage, multi-organ failure, or death. Not only pathogens can initiate such disturbances, but also congenital diseases or immunomodulatory therapies. Due to the complex and diverse interactions within the innate and adaptive immune systems, the understanding of this important clinical syndrome is incomplete to date and effective therapeutic approaches remain scarce.
format Online
Article
Text
id pubmed-9570384
institution National Center for Biotechnology Information
language English
publishDate 2022
publisher MDPI
record_format MEDLINE/PubMed
spelling pubmed-95703842022-10-17 Cytokine Storm—Definition, Causes, and Implications Jarczak, Dominik Nierhaus, Axel Int J Mol Sci Review The human innate and adaptive immune systems consist of effector cells producing cytokines (interleukins, interferons, chemokines, and numerous other mediators). Usually, a fragile equilibrium of pro- and anti-inflammation effects is maintained by complex regulatory mechanisms. Disturbances of this homeostasis can lead to intricate chain reactions resulting in a massive release of cytokines. This may result in a drastic self-reinforcement of various feedback mechanisms, which can ultimately lead to systemic damage, multi-organ failure, or death. Not only pathogens can initiate such disturbances, but also congenital diseases or immunomodulatory therapies. Due to the complex and diverse interactions within the innate and adaptive immune systems, the understanding of this important clinical syndrome is incomplete to date and effective therapeutic approaches remain scarce. MDPI 2022-10-03 /pmc/articles/PMC9570384/ /pubmed/36233040 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911740 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Jarczak, Dominik
Nierhaus, Axel
Cytokine Storm—Definition, Causes, and Implications
title Cytokine Storm—Definition, Causes, and Implications
title_full Cytokine Storm—Definition, Causes, and Implications
title_fullStr Cytokine Storm—Definition, Causes, and Implications
title_full_unstemmed Cytokine Storm—Definition, Causes, and Implications
title_short Cytokine Storm—Definition, Causes, and Implications
title_sort cytokine storm—definition, causes, and implications
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9570384/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36233040
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911740
work_keys_str_mv AT jarczakdominik cytokinestormdefinitioncausesandimplications
AT nierhausaxel cytokinestormdefinitioncausesandimplications