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SoftMatch: Comparing Scanpaths Using Combinatorial Spatio-Temporal Sequences with Fractal Curves
Recent studies matching eye gaze patterns with those of others contain research that is heavily reliant on string editing methods borrowed from early work in bioinformatics. Previous studies have shown string editing methods to be susceptible to false negative results when matching mutated genes or...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9570610/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36236535 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22197438 |
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author | Newport, Robert Ahadizad Russo, Carlo Liu, Sidong Suman, Abdulla Al Di Ieva, Antonio |
author_facet | Newport, Robert Ahadizad Russo, Carlo Liu, Sidong Suman, Abdulla Al Di Ieva, Antonio |
author_sort | Newport, Robert Ahadizad |
collection | PubMed |
description | Recent studies matching eye gaze patterns with those of others contain research that is heavily reliant on string editing methods borrowed from early work in bioinformatics. Previous studies have shown string editing methods to be susceptible to false negative results when matching mutated genes or unordered regions of interest in scanpaths. Even as new methods have emerged for matching amino acids using novel combinatorial techniques, scanpath matching is still limited by a traditional collinear approach. This approach reduces the ability to discriminate between free viewing scanpaths of two people looking at the same stimulus due to the heavy weight placed on linearity. To overcome this limitation, we here introduce a new method called SoftMatch to compare pairs of scanpaths. SoftMatch diverges from traditional scanpath matching in two different ways: firstly, by preserving locality using fractal curves to reduce dimensionality from 2D Cartesian (x,y) coordinates into 1D (h) Hilbert distances, and secondly by taking a combinatorial approach to fixation matching using discrete Fréchet distance measurements between segments of scanpath fixation sequences. These matching “sequences of fixations over time” are a loose acronym for SoftMatch. Results indicate high degrees of statistical and substantive significance when scoring matches between scanpaths made during free-form viewing of unfamiliar stimuli. Applications of this method can be used to better understand bottom up perceptual processes extending to scanpath outlier detection, expertise analysis, pathological screening, and salience prediction. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9570610 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-95706102022-10-17 SoftMatch: Comparing Scanpaths Using Combinatorial Spatio-Temporal Sequences with Fractal Curves Newport, Robert Ahadizad Russo, Carlo Liu, Sidong Suman, Abdulla Al Di Ieva, Antonio Sensors (Basel) Article Recent studies matching eye gaze patterns with those of others contain research that is heavily reliant on string editing methods borrowed from early work in bioinformatics. Previous studies have shown string editing methods to be susceptible to false negative results when matching mutated genes or unordered regions of interest in scanpaths. Even as new methods have emerged for matching amino acids using novel combinatorial techniques, scanpath matching is still limited by a traditional collinear approach. This approach reduces the ability to discriminate between free viewing scanpaths of two people looking at the same stimulus due to the heavy weight placed on linearity. To overcome this limitation, we here introduce a new method called SoftMatch to compare pairs of scanpaths. SoftMatch diverges from traditional scanpath matching in two different ways: firstly, by preserving locality using fractal curves to reduce dimensionality from 2D Cartesian (x,y) coordinates into 1D (h) Hilbert distances, and secondly by taking a combinatorial approach to fixation matching using discrete Fréchet distance measurements between segments of scanpath fixation sequences. These matching “sequences of fixations over time” are a loose acronym for SoftMatch. Results indicate high degrees of statistical and substantive significance when scoring matches between scanpaths made during free-form viewing of unfamiliar stimuli. Applications of this method can be used to better understand bottom up perceptual processes extending to scanpath outlier detection, expertise analysis, pathological screening, and salience prediction. MDPI 2022-09-30 /pmc/articles/PMC9570610/ /pubmed/36236535 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22197438 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Newport, Robert Ahadizad Russo, Carlo Liu, Sidong Suman, Abdulla Al Di Ieva, Antonio SoftMatch: Comparing Scanpaths Using Combinatorial Spatio-Temporal Sequences with Fractal Curves |
title | SoftMatch: Comparing Scanpaths Using Combinatorial Spatio-Temporal Sequences with Fractal Curves |
title_full | SoftMatch: Comparing Scanpaths Using Combinatorial Spatio-Temporal Sequences with Fractal Curves |
title_fullStr | SoftMatch: Comparing Scanpaths Using Combinatorial Spatio-Temporal Sequences with Fractal Curves |
title_full_unstemmed | SoftMatch: Comparing Scanpaths Using Combinatorial Spatio-Temporal Sequences with Fractal Curves |
title_short | SoftMatch: Comparing Scanpaths Using Combinatorial Spatio-Temporal Sequences with Fractal Curves |
title_sort | softmatch: comparing scanpaths using combinatorial spatio-temporal sequences with fractal curves |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9570610/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36236535 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22197438 |
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