Thermally Modified Palygorskite Usage as Adsorbent in Fixed-Bed Reactor for High Concentration NH(4)(+)-N Removal and Further Application as N—Fertilizer in Hydroponic Cultivation

Palygorskite sample (Pal) underwent thermal treatment at 400 °C (T-Pal) to be used as adsorbent for the removal of 200 mg NH(4)(+)-N/L from artificial solution. After thermal treatment, the sample was characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). For NH(4)(+)-N removal, T-Pal was added as a bed matrix in fixed-bed reactor experiments and the effect of flow rate was determined. It was indicated that with the flow rate increase from 10 mL/min to 50 mL/min, fewer liters of the solution were purified, rendering a longer residual time of interactions, which is optimal for NH(4)(+)-N removal from T-Pal. The maximum removed amount was calculated at 978 mg NH(4)(+)-N (q(total)), suggesting T-Pal is a promising ammonium adsorbent. The data of kinetic experiments were applied to Clark, Yoon–Nelson, and Thomas kinetic models, with Clark having the best fit, highlighting a heterogenous adsorption. At the end of kinetic experiments, T-Pal applied in hydroponic cultivations and presented a sufficient release rate, which was found utilizable for saturated T-Pal usage as N fertilizer that satisfactory results were deemed concerning lettuces characteristics and growth.