Functionalization of TiO(2) for Better Performance as Orthopedic Implants

This review mainly focuses on the surface functionalization approaches of titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) to prevent bacterial infections and facilitate osteointegration simultaneously for titanium (Ti)-based orthopedic implants. Infection is one of the major causes of implant failure. Meanwhile, it is also critical for the bone-forming cells to integrate with the implant surface. TiO(2) is the native oxide layer of Ti which has good biocompatibility as well as enriched physical, chemical, electronic, and photocatalytic properties. The formed nanostructures during fabrication and the enriched properties of TiO(2) have enabled various functionalization methods to combat the micro-organisms and enhance the osteogenesis of Ti implants. This review encompasses the various modifications of TiO(2) in aspects of topology, drug loading, and element incorporation, as well as the most recently developed electron transfer and electrical tuning approaches. Taken together, these approaches can endow Ti implants with better bactericidal and osteogenic abilities via the functionalization of TiO(2).