Chelator Iminodisuccinic Acid Regulates Reactive Oxygen Species Accumulation and Improves Maize (Zea mays L.) Seed Germination under Pb Stress

To explore the effects of iminodisuccinic acid (a chelating agent) on maize (Zea mays L.) seed germination under lead (Pb) stress, we comparatively analyzed the effects of applying different concentrations of iminodisuccinic acid (0, 5, 20, and 100 mmol·dm(−3)) and combined an addition of exogenous substances regulating reactive oxygen species production on maize seed germination, seedling growth, H(2)O(2) content, NADPH oxidase activity, and antioxidant enzyme activities under Pb-stressed and Pb-free conditions. Iminodisuccinic acid (100 mmol·dm(−3)) significantly delayed seed germination under normal germination conditions and alleviated the inhibitory effects of Pb stress (20 mmol·dm(−3)) on seed germination. Under normal conditions (without Pb stress), the iminodisuccinic acid-induced inhibition of seed germination was enhanced by treatment with dimethylthiourea (a specific scavenger of reactive oxygen species) or diphenyleneiodonium chloride (a specific inhibitor of NADPH oxidase), but diminished by treatment with H(2)O(2), CaCl(2), diethyldithiocarbamic acid (a specific inhibitor of superoxide dismutase), or aminotriazole (a specific inhibitor of catalase). Under Pb stress, iminodisuccinic acid partially eliminated the excessive H(2)O(2) accumulation, improved superoxide dismutase and catalase activity, and weakened the high NADPH oxidase activity. In addition, Ca(2+) chelation may be essential for maintaining the reactive oxygen species’ balance and improving seed germination and seedling growth by iminodisuccinic acid supplementation in maize under Pb stress. The proposed iminodisuccinic acid supplementation-based method improved maize seed germination in Pb-polluted soil.