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Investigations of the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 17-4 PH ss Printed Using a MarkForged Metal X

The Markforged Metal X (MfMX) printing machine (Markforged Inc., Massachusetts, USA) is one of the latest introduced additive manufacturing (AM) devices. It is getting popular because of its safety, simplicity, and ability to utilize various types of powders/filaments for printing. Despite this, onl...

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Autores principales: Akessa, Adugna D., Tucho, Wakshum M., Lemu, Hirpa G., Grønsund, Jørgen
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9573706/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36234246
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15196898
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author Akessa, Adugna D.
Tucho, Wakshum M.
Lemu, Hirpa G.
Grønsund, Jørgen
author_facet Akessa, Adugna D.
Tucho, Wakshum M.
Lemu, Hirpa G.
Grønsund, Jørgen
author_sort Akessa, Adugna D.
collection PubMed
description The Markforged Metal X (MfMX) printing machine (Markforged Inc., Massachusetts, USA) is one of the latest introduced additive manufacturing (AM) devices. It is getting popular because of its safety, simplicity, and ability to utilize various types of powders/filaments for printing. Despite this, only a few papers have so far reported the various properties and performances of the components fabricated by the MfMX printer. In this study, the microstructure and mechanical properties of MfMX-fabricated 17-4 stainless steel (ss) in the as-printed and heat-treated conditions were investigated. XRD and microscopy analyses revealed a dominant martensitic microstructure with some retained austenite phase. The microstructure is generally characterized by patterned voids that were unfilled due to a lack of fusion between the adjacent filaments. Disregarding these defects (voids), the porosity of the dense region was less than 4%. Depending on the heat treatment conditions, the hardness and tensile strength were enhanced by 17–28% and 21–27%, respectively. However, the tensile strength analyzed in this work was low compared with some previous reports for L-PBF-fabricated 17-4 ss. In contrast, the hardness of the as-printed (331 ± 28 HV) and heat-treated samples under the H900 condition (417 ± 29 HV) were comparable with (and even better than) some reports in the literature, despite the low material density. The results generally indicated that the Markforged printer is a promising technology when the printing processes are fully developed and optimized.
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spelling pubmed-95737062022-10-17 Investigations of the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 17-4 PH ss Printed Using a MarkForged Metal X Akessa, Adugna D. Tucho, Wakshum M. Lemu, Hirpa G. Grønsund, Jørgen Materials (Basel) Article The Markforged Metal X (MfMX) printing machine (Markforged Inc., Massachusetts, USA) is one of the latest introduced additive manufacturing (AM) devices. It is getting popular because of its safety, simplicity, and ability to utilize various types of powders/filaments for printing. Despite this, only a few papers have so far reported the various properties and performances of the components fabricated by the MfMX printer. In this study, the microstructure and mechanical properties of MfMX-fabricated 17-4 stainless steel (ss) in the as-printed and heat-treated conditions were investigated. XRD and microscopy analyses revealed a dominant martensitic microstructure with some retained austenite phase. The microstructure is generally characterized by patterned voids that were unfilled due to a lack of fusion between the adjacent filaments. Disregarding these defects (voids), the porosity of the dense region was less than 4%. Depending on the heat treatment conditions, the hardness and tensile strength were enhanced by 17–28% and 21–27%, respectively. However, the tensile strength analyzed in this work was low compared with some previous reports for L-PBF-fabricated 17-4 ss. In contrast, the hardness of the as-printed (331 ± 28 HV) and heat-treated samples under the H900 condition (417 ± 29 HV) were comparable with (and even better than) some reports in the literature, despite the low material density. The results generally indicated that the Markforged printer is a promising technology when the printing processes are fully developed and optimized. MDPI 2022-10-05 /pmc/articles/PMC9573706/ /pubmed/36234246 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15196898 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Akessa, Adugna D.
Tucho, Wakshum M.
Lemu, Hirpa G.
Grønsund, Jørgen
Investigations of the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 17-4 PH ss Printed Using a MarkForged Metal X
title Investigations of the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 17-4 PH ss Printed Using a MarkForged Metal X
title_full Investigations of the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 17-4 PH ss Printed Using a MarkForged Metal X
title_fullStr Investigations of the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 17-4 PH ss Printed Using a MarkForged Metal X
title_full_unstemmed Investigations of the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 17-4 PH ss Printed Using a MarkForged Metal X
title_short Investigations of the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 17-4 PH ss Printed Using a MarkForged Metal X
title_sort investigations of the microstructure and mechanical properties of 17-4 ph ss printed using a markforged metal x
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9573706/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36234246
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15196898
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