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Comparative study on the microbiota of colostrum and nipple skin from lactating mothers separated from their newborn at birth in China
Increasing studies have found breast milk (BM) contains its own microbiota. However, the route through which microbes enter the BM is still unclear. In order to verify the entero-mammary pathway of BM, we designed a rigorous study that prevented oral bacteria from contaminating the breast and nipple...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9574262/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36262322 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.932495 |
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author | Du, Yanli Qiu, Qing Cheng, Jing Huang, Zhili Xie, Ruixia Wang, Lu Wang, Xiangyu Han, Zongli Jin, Gang |
author_facet | Du, Yanli Qiu, Qing Cheng, Jing Huang, Zhili Xie, Ruixia Wang, Lu Wang, Xiangyu Han, Zongli Jin, Gang |
author_sort | Du, Yanli |
collection | PubMed |
description | Increasing studies have found breast milk (BM) contains its own microbiota. However, the route through which microbes enter the BM is still unclear. In order to verify the entero-mammary pathway of BM, we designed a rigorous study that prevented oral bacteria from contaminating the breast and nipple skin (NS) during baby nursing. Thirty-one healthy, postpartum mothers living in southern China who were immediately separated from their newborn after delivery were enrolled in this study. Using an aseptic protocol for sampling, sterile water was used to wash the NS and was then collected. Then the first drop of BM was discarded and colostrum was collected manually. Amplicon sequencing was performed targeting the V3–V4 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene, and the differences between the microbiota of the colostrum and NS were analyzed. Additionally, the effects of environmental factors, such as the delivery mode and intrapartum antibiotic exposure, on the diversity of the colostrum microbiota were also analyzed. We found significant differences in the α diversity and richness between the BM and NS as evidenced by richness, Chao1, and Simpson indices. There were 170 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) shared by colostrum and NS, while 111 and 87 OTUs were unique, respectively, as well as a clear distinction in OTUs was observed by unifrac binary analysis between them. Linear discriminant analysis effect size analysis found that anaerobes, such as Bifidobacterium and Pantoea at the genus level and enterobacteria including Enterobacteriaceae at the family level, were predominant in the colostrum, while the predominant bacteria on the NS were Bacteroides, Staphylococcus, and Parabacteroides at the genus level. BM is colonized by bacteria prior to baby suckling, and the diversity of the colostrum microbiota differs from that of the NS. The predominant microbiota taxa in BM indicated that they were likely to be transferred to the breast through the intestinal tract. Our study provides direct evidence for the revolutionary active migration hypothesis. Additionally, factors like intrapartum antibiotic exposure did not significantly affect the diversity of the microbiota in the BM. Therefore, it is suggested that mothers continue to provide BM for their newborns during separation. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9574262 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-95742622022-10-18 Comparative study on the microbiota of colostrum and nipple skin from lactating mothers separated from their newborn at birth in China Du, Yanli Qiu, Qing Cheng, Jing Huang, Zhili Xie, Ruixia Wang, Lu Wang, Xiangyu Han, Zongli Jin, Gang Front Microbiol Microbiology Increasing studies have found breast milk (BM) contains its own microbiota. However, the route through which microbes enter the BM is still unclear. In order to verify the entero-mammary pathway of BM, we designed a rigorous study that prevented oral bacteria from contaminating the breast and nipple skin (NS) during baby nursing. Thirty-one healthy, postpartum mothers living in southern China who were immediately separated from their newborn after delivery were enrolled in this study. Using an aseptic protocol for sampling, sterile water was used to wash the NS and was then collected. Then the first drop of BM was discarded and colostrum was collected manually. Amplicon sequencing was performed targeting the V3–V4 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene, and the differences between the microbiota of the colostrum and NS were analyzed. Additionally, the effects of environmental factors, such as the delivery mode and intrapartum antibiotic exposure, on the diversity of the colostrum microbiota were also analyzed. We found significant differences in the α diversity and richness between the BM and NS as evidenced by richness, Chao1, and Simpson indices. There were 170 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) shared by colostrum and NS, while 111 and 87 OTUs were unique, respectively, as well as a clear distinction in OTUs was observed by unifrac binary analysis between them. Linear discriminant analysis effect size analysis found that anaerobes, such as Bifidobacterium and Pantoea at the genus level and enterobacteria including Enterobacteriaceae at the family level, were predominant in the colostrum, while the predominant bacteria on the NS were Bacteroides, Staphylococcus, and Parabacteroides at the genus level. BM is colonized by bacteria prior to baby suckling, and the diversity of the colostrum microbiota differs from that of the NS. The predominant microbiota taxa in BM indicated that they were likely to be transferred to the breast through the intestinal tract. Our study provides direct evidence for the revolutionary active migration hypothesis. Additionally, factors like intrapartum antibiotic exposure did not significantly affect the diversity of the microbiota in the BM. Therefore, it is suggested that mothers continue to provide BM for their newborns during separation. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-10-03 /pmc/articles/PMC9574262/ /pubmed/36262322 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.932495 Text en Copyright © 2022 Du, Qiu, Cheng, Huang, Xie, Wang, Wang, Han and Jin. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Microbiology Du, Yanli Qiu, Qing Cheng, Jing Huang, Zhili Xie, Ruixia Wang, Lu Wang, Xiangyu Han, Zongli Jin, Gang Comparative study on the microbiota of colostrum and nipple skin from lactating mothers separated from their newborn at birth in China |
title | Comparative study on the microbiota of colostrum and nipple skin from lactating mothers separated from their newborn at birth in China |
title_full | Comparative study on the microbiota of colostrum and nipple skin from lactating mothers separated from their newborn at birth in China |
title_fullStr | Comparative study on the microbiota of colostrum and nipple skin from lactating mothers separated from their newborn at birth in China |
title_full_unstemmed | Comparative study on the microbiota of colostrum and nipple skin from lactating mothers separated from their newborn at birth in China |
title_short | Comparative study on the microbiota of colostrum and nipple skin from lactating mothers separated from their newborn at birth in China |
title_sort | comparative study on the microbiota of colostrum and nipple skin from lactating mothers separated from their newborn at birth in china |
topic | Microbiology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9574262/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36262322 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.932495 |
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