Inhibition of EGFR Overcomes Acquired Lenvatinib Resistance Driven by STAT3–ABCB1 Signaling in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Lenvatinib is an inhibitor of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases that was recently authorized for first-line treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the clinical benefits derived from lenvatinib are limited, highlighting the urgent need to understand mechanisms of resistance. We report here that HCC cells develop resistance to lenvatinib by activating EGFR and stimulating the EGFR–STAT3–ABCB1 axis. Lenvatinib resistance was accompanied by aberrant cholesterol metabolism and lipid raft activation. ABCB1 was activated by EGFR in a lipid raft–dependent manner, which significantly enhanced the exocytosis of lenvatinib to mediate resistance. Furthermore, clinical specimens of HCC showed a correlation between the activation of the EGFR–STAT3–ABCB1 pathway and lenvatinib response. Erlotinib, an EGFR inhibitor that has also been shown to inhibit ABCB1, suppressed lenvatinib exocytosis, and combined treatment with lenvatinib and erlotinib demonstrated a significant synergistic effect on HCC both in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, these findings characterize a mechanism of resistance to a first-line treatment for HCC and offer a practical means to circumvent resistance and treat the disease. SIGNIFICANCE: HCC cells acquire resistance to lenvatinib by activating the EGFR–STAT3–ABCB1 pathway, identifying combined treatment with erlotinib as a strategy to overcome acquired resistance and improve the clinical benefit of lenvatinib.